Article Review The Great Drone Panic - 903 Words

Lowry, Rich. The Great Drone Panic. National Review 6 July 2012: n. pag. Rpt. in Robotic Technology. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven, 2014. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Sept. 2015. In this article based on the columnist’s research, Lowry attempts to argue that drones are weapons of security that have a strong and rightfully increasing influence on conflict. He quotes sources of repute, including the the Constitution s Fourth Amendment and the Department of Homeland Security. He ascertains that because drones use Hellfire missiles and are not weapons in of themselves, they can be used in an unarmed capacity within the United States. The author admits that the Fourth Amendment forbids unreasonable search and seizure but argues that security threats sometimes must be put above the Founding Father’s ideals and therefore the law of the land. Lowry is forthcoming in his methods of research and concedes that the line between Drone surveillance and weaponization is too fine to risk their internal use unless closely monitored by the public. He concludes that their usefulness in the high-risk game of national security is too valuable to lose to concern and panic regarding the possibility of their misuse. Sifton, John. A Brief History of Drones. The Nation. The Nation, 07 Feb. 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2015. This article addresses the political impact of drone use in Pakistan. It also has some statistics that the paperShow MoreRelated1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pagescom Version 5.3 Is ASAP participation mandatory for Individuals that are command referred? ASAP participation is mandatory for all Soldiers who are command referred. Failure to attend a mandatory counseling session may constitute a violation of Article 86 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). (AR 600-85 Mar 2006 / 1-31 / PDF 19) What will happen to Soldiers who fail to participate in or fail to respond successfully to rehabilitation? Soldiers who fail to participate adequately in, orRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis

Analysis of Two Advertisements of Beauty Product Essay

Analysis of Two Advertisements of Beauty Products I have analyzed two advertisements, which are both promoting beauty products. The first advertisement I have chosen is Boujour Paris Talon Aiguilles Mascara which was found in the heat magazine and it is aiming at young female adults. The second advertisement I have chosen is Prescriptive Foundation which in contrast to the first advertisement is aimed at an elder audience. In addition this advertisement was found in Cosmopolitan magazine. An advertiser when aiming an advertisement at particular audience needs to vary their language and presentational devises to fit in with the audience. In the Boujour Paris Talons Aiguilles mascara†¦show more content†¦In contrast to Boujour Paris Talons Aiguilles the Prescriptive foundation advertisement has not used a model they have used an image of the product open, so you can see what the foundation looks like. They have done this so that the audiences are attracted to the advertisement when they see it. The advertiser has shown a drop of the foundation dripping down so he can point out to the audience that the product is not powder, it is a smooth liquid and it shows it has a strong visual impact. The effect of it being liquid indicates it can be applied evenly and smoothly. The name of the product Prescriptives sounds like the word prescription because it implies it has been recommended for your skin. The focal point of this advertisement is brown, because the foundation itself is brown and all the writing is brown and so is the background of the image, similarly to the Boujour Paris advertisement but everything i s black on that advertisement. The colours are sophisticated because it is implying to an elder generation. In order to the name Prescriptives is in capital letters and it is standing out because it is on a white background. The packaging of this product is simple and styling. On this advertisement they have not got the manufacture but on he mascara advert they do. Instead they have gave the shops you can get it from which are expensive e.g. Harrods, Selfridges and JennersShow MoreRelatedMulti Channel Approach For Distribution And Placement Essay904 Words   |  4 Pagesmost comprehensive way to for our product to have the most contact with potential customers. Direct ââ€"  Independent Online Retailer 16.7% of those surveyed by No Trace’s team would purchase No Trace on an independent retail website. According to Market Tree s â€Å"Consumer Commerce Growing Buying Survey†, 27% of US Shoppers have purchased cosmetics digitally (eMarketer, 2016), and we would like to exploit that opportunity. Indirect ââ€"  Brick and Mortar Retailers-Beauty, Cosmetic, and Fragrance Stores 25%Read MoreDove Marketing Mix1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing mix to analyze. The first P to analyze is the product. Dove’s products’ primary elements are vegetable oils, synthetic surfactants, salts of animal fats, zero levels of pH, and quarter moisturising cream. Dove’s products are mostly for women, and Dove promise that their products will enhance women’s beauty (Bhasin, 2016). Some of Dove’s products are (Bhasin, 2016): ââ€"  Facial care products - Dove Deep Pure Face Wash ââ€"  Hair care products - Dove Oxygen Moisture Conditioner ââ€"  Lotions - Dove GoRead MoreCoverGirl Lipstick- A Flipstick1157 Words   |  5 PagesTo: Bill Pore From: Tushar Verma Date: February 15, 2013 Subject: Gender Analysis of â€Å"CoverGirl Lipstick† Ad Introduction â€Å"CoverGirl Lipstick- A Flipstick† Advertisements are messages that are intended to influence their audience. Their sole purpose is to raise awareness of the existence of their product in the people whom they target and to promote the benefits of buying or using it. In our society, many people are trying to transform themselves into someone they are pretending to beRead MoreAdvertisers Attempt to Persuade the Targeted Audience to Buy the Product948 Words   |  4 PagesPromoting a product in a way that appeals to the targeted audience is an aspect that dominates the formation of adverts. To achieve this objective, advertisers use images and words in a creative and convincing manner. This is because the overall effect of advertising is persuading the targeted audience to consume the product. Visual appeal is an aspect common in the two visual texts. For example, using ladies with good looks to appeal to the audience’s emotion is common in them. The two visual textsRead MoreSemiotic Analysis : Be Delicious, Perf ume Print Advertisement, By Ferdinand De Saussure And Charles Peirce951 Words   |  4 PagesIn contemporary society, advertisings are everywhere, attracting individuals to various products and services via a range of media. Through the use of a semiotic analysis, it can effectively help to study how signs used in advertisements connote different myths and ideologies. This idea of semiotics is proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Peirce who both suggest that signs are used to conceptualised the world by communicating meanings and being the means of access to thought or reality whichRead MoreThe Effect Of Advertising On A Customers Self Esteem1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe influence of advertisement on a customer’s self-esteem is a vital issue companies must address when deciding how to present their product to the public. In fact, emotions triggered through branding can greatly impact product sales and customer loyalty (Park et al. 2010 cited in Malà ¤r et al. 2011 , p.35). Women in particular are prone to react sensitively when exposed to images of the ‘ideal female beauty’ standard in the media (Pihas et al., 1999, p. 225). Therefore, this essay will examine theRead Moreâ€Å"Hips Feel Good† –Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty1210 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess by creating similar campaigns and ensure they set themselves apart from these companies. Unilever’s objective is to continue with the success of the first phase of the re-launch of Dove’s Real Beauty Campaign and maintain the brand’s momentum of strong quality and well positioned products in the market. They want to keep the focus surrounding the self-esteem issues that have resonated with their target audience and deliver an even better second phase of the re-launch. Another importantRead MoreMarketing Strategy For Cosmetic Products Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pages4. Marketing Strategy 4.1 Product Our target market is looking for cosmetic products that are innovative, easy to use, and last. Based on our survey, interested individuals wear lipstick regularly, have issues with the lipstick rubbing off, and have misshapen lipstick that makes it harder to apply, thus creating a problem. No Trace provides a solution to these problems that our potential customers are facing. Brand/Packaging The name No Trace alludes to the lipstick leaving no trace anywhereRead MoreDove : Evolution Of A Brand1501 Words   |  7 Pages Individual Case Analysis Dove: Evolution of a Brand Tom Augustson October 26, 2015 MKTG 6020-21 Fall 2015 I chose the case â€Å"Dove: Evolution of a Brand† for my individual case analysis because I find their brand and advertising strategy to be revolutionary at the time. I grew up with regular exposure to Dove soap advertising on television and in magazines, but until I read this case, I was unaware of Dove’s attempt of reach a new market with their recent campaigns targeting womenRead MoreDkny Ad Analysis1331 Words   |  6 PagesBe Delicious Perfume by DKNY Advertisement Analysis In the competitive market America has today, all companies strive to be the number one choice for consumers out of all their competitors. To achieve this goal, companies use various strategies in their advertisements to appeal to the public. The company, Donna Karan New York (also known as DKNY) is one of the millions of companies that works rhetorically in its advertisement for its Be Delicious perfume. With sexual innuendos, symbolism, attention

Football and Rugby Compare and Contrast Essay Example For Students

Football and Rugby Compare and Contrast Essay When someone mentions physical sports, the most physical that come to mind are football and rugby. Each sport would be called physical because there are big hits and both require physical and mental toughness. Though football and rugby are similar, they are different along the lines of equipment use, rules and players. Equipment use amongst football and rugby players are different. Football players use a helmet, hip pads, thigh pads, a tail pad, shoulder pads, and knee pads to protect players who have a size disadvantage. Also the use of pads and helmet enables a football player to take big hits and not be as damaged if they didnt have a helmet at all. Rugby, however, uses no pads at all when hit there is nothing to absorb the shock making it harder to recover. The rules in football and rugby are more different than similar. In football after being tackled the offence has 45 seconds to pick a play, hike the ball, and attempt to score a touchdown. In footballs point system a touchdown is worth six points, a field goal is worth three points, a safety is worth two points, which tackling the offence behind the defenses goal line, or two point conversion and one point for an extra point otherwise known as P.A.T., point after touchdown. After being tackled a rugby player has several options: running with the ball until downed or until there is another chance to pass the ball, kicking the ball down field, or immediately passing the ball to teammates. If the scrum half chooses to pass the ball, the teammates attempt to advance the ball forward and across the opponents goal line. In rugby when some team scores it is called a try, which is worth five points. After scoring a try, a team is entitled to attempt a conversion similar to that in American football. In rugby the conversion kick is taken from anywhere on a line perpendicular to the goal line at the point that the ball was touched down. If the kicked ball passes over the crossbar and between the uprights, the team is awarded two additional points for the conversion. The players in football and rugby are also different. In football the players a lot more size variation because players are designed to do specific jobs such block throw catch and run. There are no players that do all three. On the other hand, rugby players have no specific design because all the players rugby must adjust to the position they are put in at anytime. All rugby must be able to catch kick and run. So since rugby lack specific design, as far as body type is concerned there is little size variation. When confronted with the question, Which sport is more physical football or rugby?, it would be hard to give a good answer. Though in rugby players use a helmet or pads one must put into account the fact that football players are either bigger stronger and/or faster than most rugby players. So basically what it all boils down to is a matter of opinion or experience. Only a person who has played both sports at high levels of competition can give an accurate answer.

Workplace Inequalities free essay sample

Every person has the right to be fairly treated in their daily lives and the workplace is no exception. Discrimination in the workforce has always been a well debated topic. Throughout history many different groups have faced inequalities in the workplace, and over time, with the changes in social views, different measures have been undertaken, by the different levels involved in employment, to eradicate these adversities. Unfortunately inequality during employment is still a major crisis for many people. This essay looks at three different groups facing difficulty in the workplace due too discrimination and the response by government, unions, employers and other groups to these inequalities. Pregnant women in the workforce have always been a delicate topic. With recent legislation changes and advances in ‘pregnancy in the workforce’ campaigns, the inequality faced by many women who fall pregnant while under employment has begun to change, however, many lobbyists believe that employers are still not doing enough to protect their employees rights during such a serious time in a women’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Inequalities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Teenagers’ entering the workforce has also become a serious topic. During such a pivotal time in a young teenagers life, with school and social activities, young people can often face inequalities in their employment and without prior knowledge of the workforce, can often be unknowingly subjected to mistreatment. On the other end of the timeline, aged workers are often subject to unfair treatment and ridicule from their employers and co-workers. In an increasingly aging country, Australia has had to bring age discrimination to the forefront of workplace reform. Although discrimination and inequalities in the workplace are constantly being discouraged and sought out, most people will feel mistreated in the workplace at some point in their working lives. The Australian Government, unions and employers are constantly working towards better equality for employees in the workforce. Many different initiatives have been put in place to stamp out workplace discrimination and these groups will continue to work towards better rights for workers. Pregnancy is an incredibly important time for those involved. Women face a vast range of emotional stress when dealing with a pregnancy and many women have to continue working during much of their pregnancy to cope with the coming financial burden of raising a new born child. Around 80% of women in Australia are employed prior to the birth of their first child [1]. With the known risk of emotional stress on women’s pregnancy, limiting stress in the workplace is serious priority for employers. Unfortunately recent studies into the subject have found that â€Å"pregnancy-related workplace discrimination (in Australia) is disturbingly prevalent† [2]. A University of Melbourne study into the entitlements of workers during pregnancy and the psychological welfare of pregnant women in the workplace, found that, of the 165 employed pregnant women surveyed; ? Despite current legislation requiring all Australian employees to have access to unpaid maternity leave after 12 months of continuous employment, only 60% had the option. ?Only 46% had access to paid maternity leave, forcing others to rely on sick or annual leave or forego income after childbirth. Almost one in five women claimed pregnancy-related discrimination in the form of negative or offensive comments as well as being excluded from promotion or training by their employer [3]. Many groups are outraged at this unfair treatment for pregnant women during employment. Considering the severity of the occasion, a pregnant woman’s health and wellbeing should be of great concern to an employer. The government has sought to stem this trend of discrimination with current legislat ion protecting pregnant women from unfair treatment in the workforce. EOWA, the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency, is a government agency aimed at achieving equal opportunity for women in the workforce through the administration of the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 [4]. Many lobbyists believe that all women should have access to paid maternity leave should they fall pregnant while under employment. While pregnant women continue to fight for better rights while in the workforce it is hoped that the government and employers will continue to act to stop these inequalities. Seventeen year old Mitchell Bartlett, like many teenagers, is about to start a part time job at Woolworths. Mitchell is unsure about the full extent of his work conditions, he is however, happy with his wage of $15 an hour and that he has paid training. But he said that even if he didn’t like his conditions there was probably not much he could do about it. â€Å"I probably wouldn’t have the confidence to confront my boss,† he said. â€Å"When you’re young you’re at the bottom of the food chain, so you’re much easier to exploit. It often happens. † [5]. This is a common feeling among teens entering the workforce. With no real insight into how employees operate or their rights, teens can be exploited into working more hours, with less pay and no penalty rates. With important school requirements teenagers are often made to work more hours than is recommended for school aged employees. This can have adverse affects on students school work at a very critical time in a teenager’s education. A survey by the Teachers Union found that students aged fifteen to eighteen are being forced to work more and more hours. The survey, of 300 students, found that 25% of students were on an Australian Workplace Agreement, while another 27% were on some form of employment contract but were unsure of exactly what it was. Although both government and employment groups claim that there are safe guards in place to protect student employees, teachers unions argue that not enough is being done to educate and protect young workers. The Teachers Federation has voted to improve the education of students on workplace information and they believe that the government and employers should follow their lead [6]. Discrimination towards older co-workers has become Australia’s most critical employment issue in the workplace [7]. Division between co-workers because of age differences has always been a problem with interoffice relations. However in resent years, and with Australia’s population ageing, discrimination towards senior employees has become more prevalent. The main issue of age discrimination in the workplace is the choice, by employers, to overlook older workers with the same, if not better, skills for younger employees. This inequality, although often not illegal, is an immoral decision to discriminate against older workers because of their age. In 2004, new legislation was introduced to help enforce remedies for age discrimination. The Age Discrimination Act (2004) covers aged workers in all areas of employment, job conditions, training, promotion and dismissal. The other issue of age discrimination is ridicule from fellow co-workers. Although any person can be subject to taunts from co-workers, the recent rise in complaints by age workers at the humiliation they have been subjected to by co-workers due to there age shows the extent that age discrimination has risen to. Fifty-seven year old Gerhardt had recently joined a company when two younger co-workers began harassing him. The two colleagues would place bets on Gerhardt’s age as well as ask each other loudly when they thought he would ‘cark it’. 8] This form of bullying is not uncommon in many workplaces and increasingly more aged workers are being subjected to it. The Australian Human Rights Commission is set up to help those who feel discriminated against. The AHRC helps to enforce the legislation protecting senior employees. The unions, however, still believe that one in three unemployed 45 year olds can’t get a job because employers feel they are too old, a nd that 60% of unemployed 55 year olds are apparently considered to old to work [9]. More needs to be done to help out our increasingly ageing populations while in the workforce; this is a prime example of inequality in the workplace and is a critical issue that needs to be addressed by government, unions, employers and workers. The key groups dealing with employment relations are constantly looking for improvement in the area of discrimination in the workplace. The inequalities that many groups and individuals face on a daily basis are appalling. Every person deserves the right to earn a living in a safe and friendly environment. Although the debate as to how much can, and is, being done to stop these inequalities continues, it is certain that every person can help do their part in the workplace. Whether from and employer or fellow co-workers, if a person feels discriminated against in the workforce than that person should have an available means of support and justice. Government groups, such as the Australian Human Rights Movement and the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency, are helping those who have been discriminated against with education and action about employees rights in the workforce. New government legislation, like The Age Discrimination Act (2004), is increasing the lawful enforcement of discrimination against workers and helping to build equality in work environments. Through constant reevaluation and refinement, the government; along with employers and employees; can continue to make a difference in erasing workplace inequality and make employment a better place for everyone.

Soothing Quotes When You Are Missing Someone

Soothing Quotes When You Are Missing Someone When you are in love, almost every moment of togetherness is bliss, and almost every moment of separation is torture. When your heart pines for your loved one, you cannot help but lose interest in other aspects of your life. Your mind and soul suffer from a deep yearning. You might be separated by distance from your love or the separation might be permanent, the result of death or a breakup. These quotes can help when you are brought low by missing a love, for whatever reason. Quotes to Help Cope With Missing Someone William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet: â€Å"Parting is such sweet sorrow that I shall say goodnight till it be morrow.†Ron Pope: I was praying that you and me might end up together. Its like wishing for rain as I stand in the desert, but Im holding you closer than most, cause you are my heaven.Claudia Adrienne Grandi: If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden.Henry Alford: Life is so short, so fast the lone hours fly. We ought to be together, you and I.Nicholas Sparks: Romance is thinking about your significant other when you are supposed to be thinking about something else.Frederick Buechner: You can kiss your family and friends goodbye and put miles between you, but at the same time you carry them with you in your heart, your mind, your stomach, because you do not just live in a world but a world lives in you.Ralph Waldo Emerson:  For everything you have missed, you have gained something else, and for everything you gain, you lose something else. Emily Dickinson: Parting is all we know of heaven and all we need to know of hell.American Proverb: Absence makes the heart grow fonder.Hans Nouwens: In true love, the smallest distance is too great, and the greatest distance can be bridged.Francois Duc de la Rochefoucauld: Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, as the wind extinguishes candles and fans a fire.Kay Knudsen: Love is missing someone whenever youre apart, but somehow feeling warm inside because youre close in heart.Rainbow Rowell, Eleanor Park:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"His eyes missed her as much as the rest of him.†Ã‚  Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Dream of a Ridiculous Man short story: â€Å"How anxiously I yearned for those I had forsaken.†Ã‚  Dennis Lehane, Shutter Island: But as the years passed, he missed her more, not less, and his need for her became a cut that would not scar over, would not stop leaking.†Ã‚  Kaui Hart Hemmings, The Descendants: â€Å"Thats how you know you love someone, I g uess when you cant experience anything without wishing the other person were there to see it, too.†

Nepetalactone Cycloalkane in Catnip

Nepetalactone Cycloalkane in Catnip Catnip, Nepeta cataria, is a member of the mint or Labiatae family. This perennial herb is sometimes known as catnip, catrup, catwort, cataria, or catmint (although there are other plants that also go by these common names). Catnip is indigenous from the eastern Mediterranean region to the eastern Himalayas, but is naturalized over much of North America and is easily grown in most gardens. The generic name Nepeta is said to have been derived from the Italian town Nepete, where catnip was once cultivated. For centuries humans have grown catnip for humans, but the herb is best known for its action on cats. Nepetalactone Chemistry Nepetalactone is a terpene composed of two isoprene units, with a total of ten carbons. Its chemical structure is similar to that of the valepotriates derived from the herb valerian, which is a mild central nervous system sedative (or stimulant to some persons). Cats Domestic and many wild cats (including cougars, bobcats, lions, and lynx) respond to the nepetalactone in catnip. However, not all cats react to catnip. The behavior is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene; 10-30% of domestic cats in a population may be unresponsive to nepetalactone. Kittens will not show the behavior until they are at least 6-8 weeks old. In fact, catnip produces an avoidance response in young kittens. The catnip response usually develops by the time a kitten is 3 months old. When cats smell catnip they exhibit a range of behaviors that may include sniffing, licking and chewing the plant, head shaking, chin and cheek rubbing, head rolling, and body rubbing. This psychosexual reaction lasts for 5-15 minutes and cannot be evoked again for an hour or more after exposure. Cats that react to nepetalactone differ in their individual responses. The feline receptor for nepetalactone is the vomeronasal organ, located above the feline palate. The location of the vomeronasal organ may explain why cats do not react from eating gelatin-enclosed capsules of catnip. Nepetalactone must be inhaled for it to reach the receptors in the vomeronasal organ. In cats, the effects of nepetalactone can be moderated by several drugs acting upon the central and peripheral nervous system, and by several environmental, physiological, and psychological factors. The specific mechanism governing these behaviors has not been described. Humans Herbalists have used catnip for many centuries as a treatment for colic, headache, fever, toothache, colds, and spasms. Catnip is an excellent sleep-inducing agent (as with valerian, in certain individuals it acts as a stimulant). Both people and cats find catnip to be emetic in large doses. It exhibits antibacterial properties and may be useful as an anti-atherosclerotic agent. It is used as an adjunct in treated dysmenorrhea and is given in tincture form to aid amenorrhea. 15th century English cooks would rub catnip leaves on meats before cooking and add it to mixed green salads. Before Chinese tea became widely available, catnip tea was very popular. Cockroaches and other Insects There is scientific evidence that catnip and nepetalactone may be effective cockroach repellents. Iowa State University researchers found nepetalactone to be 100x more effective at repelling cockroaches than DEET, a common (and toxic) insect repellent. Purified nepetalactone has also been shown to kill flies. There is also evidence that nepetalactone may serve as an insect sex pheromone in Hemiptera Aphidae (aphids) and a defense substance in Orthoptera Phasmatidae (walking sticks).

Origin Stories and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Origin Stories and Religion - Essay Example According to the essay findings origin stories are a great spark to we are and stand as humans. Despite one’s religion, they all center around people believing in the existence of a superior being and the variation in truth as being either subjective or objective. These things held by people over time end up shaping how they look at things and their perceptions. Despite the varied existence of truth in religions, they also have conflicts.From this discussion it is clear that the components of sacred texts, as well as its canonist, sets the mood that the text occupies within the religious tradition. The process involves an author who composes the text which is an oral traditional-precipitation surrounding writing, facilitating reduction and canonization through editing. The text has foundation on authority, and its genre will fall under historical, legal, apocalyptic, epistle and poetic. In Judaism, the primary writing is the Tanak, with the others being Talmud. On the other ha nd, Christianity's main work is the bible which consists of both the new and the Old Testament. The other additional books include the Apocrypha and Creeds. In Islam, the primary text is the Quran with Hadith as an additional text. Further, The Smruti or otherwise known as the Vedas is the main text in Hinduism, with the support of Suriti. The previous also goes by the name the Great Epics or Upanishad. Buddhism is the only one that has one primary text being Tripitaka. The interpretation can either come in as organic, Existential or mechanical.

Personal Platinum Label Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Platinum Label - Assignment Example Also, being a person who is relaxed and systematic when handling tasks, this labels is essential as it helps others appreciate my organize behavior and thus complement it. Lastly, as a formal and conservative being, this platinum label is crucial in pinpointing what I stand for and therefore help others understand my decisions. In general, the above platinum label is significant in making others understand who I am, depending on whether they perceive the label as a strength and weakness, and hence guide their interactions with to avoid interpersonal conflicts. My stretch moment elicited a number of emotional experiences where I had to deal with unhelpful thoughts that flooded my mind. For example, as an introvert, I have had to deal with less understanding colleagues who have used it to harm me emotionally. In not less than one occasion, memories of my previous engagement with friends who accused me of being uncooperative almost drove me berserk. I could simply not let them know the emotional turmoil I was undergoing while at the same time they could not understand me as an introvert. Similarly, being a person who likes being relaxed and systematic in my activities, I dislike working under pressure. Unfortunately, when faced with team exercises that require speed, excess pressure always puts me at logger's heads with colleagues. Nonetheless, the stretch experience I had connected significantly with cognitive defusion, a core principle of ACT. Here, I observed the uncomfortable emotions without attaching much attention to them. For instance , as the memories of my negative experiences with my colleagues came into my mind, I observed them but tried as much as possible not to attach much value to them. As a result, the thoughts were simply streaming through my mind without significant impact on my stretch exercise. The label above is  applicable to the animal matrix cross-hair matrix as it forms the basis upon which the various description of the matrix is answered.  

When using different metals Essay Example for Free

When using different metals Essay An example of this is when an iron nail is put in a copper sulphate solution. A displacement reaction only occurs when a metal reacts with an acid. This is an exothermic reaction. Exothermic means that the energy is going out of the reaction. Chemical reaction where the energy content of the products is less than that of the reactants; heat is given out from the system. In an exothermic reaction, heat energy is given off to the surroundings so the product molecules have lower heat content than the reactants. This is like taking a wet sponge and squeezing it into a funnel the sponge ends up with lower water content than before the exothermic reaction. The amount of water which is squeezed into the funnel and collected is a good concrete way to visualize the heat of reaction. Apparatus: Measuring Cylinder Thermometer Stop clock Balancing Scale Copper sulphate solution Beaker Zinc Lead Aluminium Magnesium Iron Method: == Collect all required equipment in a tray. == Put 50 cubic cm of copper sulphate solution into a beaker make sure it is 50 by using a measuring cylinder. == Measure temperature of solution at the begging by using a thermometer. == Measure 2 grams of metals with copper sulphate solution. == Shut the beaker with a lid made out of cardboard for the thermometer to enter. == Measure temperature of substance every 30 seconds. == Repeat for 8 mins. == Repeat this routine for the other metals. Prediction: I predict that magnesium will displace most of the other metals it will react with. This is because magnesium is the highest metal we are using in the reactivity series and as such will displace more. Results: Iron 1 2 3 Average Graph Analysis From this investigations results I can see that Magnesium was the most reactive metal out of them, and Lead was one of the metals that reacted the least, along with Zinc. Magnesium emitted the most heat out of them all. It took several minutes for magnesium to reach its highest temperature on the table. My prediction was correct as I predicted that Magnesium would be the metal that emitted the most heat, as it was the more reactive than the other metals. Evaluation In this experiment I investigated how much heat displacement reactions give out. We used plastic beakers but used cardboard lids, which may have altered the results of the experiment. If I were to do the same experiment over again I would use plastic lids and see if the results were the same or if they differed. We also hand stirred the solutions, so that could have changed the results. I could improve the experiment if the same person stirred it then they would know roughly at what speed they stirred the solution. Rina Bhudia Science Investigation 10 B3 Mrs Davis Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Essay --

Stem Cells The science world is growing very fast. Stem cells are unique cells in a human body, which have the ability to renew themselves and become specialized into liver cells, kidney cells or spinal cord cells from unspecialized type of cells. Stem Cells have the ability to make a huge positive impact in the medical field. It is important to know the basics of Stem Cells, the difference between the types of Stem Cells, and the possible uses of Stem Cells. Knowing the basics of stem cells is important to understanding how they might positively influence those with different types of medical conditions. Stem cells are defined as unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division. (stemcells.nih.gov) Stem Cells develop in many different cell types during the early stages of life and development. As long as a human or animal is alive the many tissues in the body assist on any internal repairs in the tissue. Stem cells can either stay stem cells or become more in detail and become a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. There are millions of people who develop some sort of medical condition such as birth defects and cancers every year. These conditions are due to the fact of abnormal cell division and differentiation. Stem Cells have the capability to repair many different types of damaged tissue. The two main types of stem cells scientists use are Adult and Embryonic Stem cells. The embryonic stem cell is the first type of stem cell scientist’s deal with that are obtaining from the embryo. Most embryonic stem cell are taken from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro fertilization then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. (stemcell... ...scover new cell lines, but are working towards changing that. Stem cells definitely have the ability to have a large impact in the science and medical fields. Science has grown so fast into finding new ways to treat a large number of different medical conditions and it is only a matter of time till these new findings are put into effect. The stem cells among us already have the ability to restore tissue and to also transform into different types of cells to fix diseases. The adult and embryonic cells are cells that scientists will continue to use to treat the many different diseases. Therefore, it is very important to know the basics of stem cells, the difference between the types of stem cells, and the possible uses of stem cells because science is moving quickly to have a promising future for those in need of medical help. http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp

Student Survival Guide

First, print the Course Syllabus and Calendar to review before class begins. On your computer, create a folder for each class under My Documents. Create sub-folders by weeks, or one sub-folder for materials and one for assignments you completed for the class. Under the Classroom tab, find Materials for each week of class. Each week, download all files on your computer under the folders created. Backup your files in a portable device to avoid losing work you’ve already completed. In the Library tab, you can access the University Library as well as the Center for Writing Excellence. The University Library conducts your search from multiple databases and you may narrow down a search by database or more search options. Information for article search to keep in mind is the use of key words, publication date, title of the article, which database it was found in, the author and whether the article has been peer-reviewed. In the Library, you can also View the Research Tutorials, Read the Library Handbook or Ask a Librarian for more information. The Center for Writing Excellence provides essential tools. WritePoint is a system to which you may submit a paper to be reviewed for grammar that spell-check on a computer may miss. Plagiarism Checker is a system in which you can submit a paper to be reviewed for plagiarism. Tutorials and Guides offer a variety of tools. Aside from tutorials, you can view samples, information, and handbooks. Whether you need to learn on a topic or simply brush up on your knowledge. Upholding Academic Honesty Review the Student Code of Academic Integrity from CWE in the University Library. Using someone else’s work in your own, whether intentionally or not without giving the original author proper credit, is plagiarism. This is considered to be academic dishonesty and can result in expulsion from the University, failing grade for the assignment or class, or suspension from the University. Self-plagiarism, fabrication, unauthorized assistance, copyright infringement, misrepresentation and collusion are also forms of academic dishonesty and can also result in corrective action. Always list your references and submit your papers to Plagiarism Checker before submitting the assignment. Setting and Achieving Goals It is important for every student to set long and short-term educational goals, as well as career goals. List what those goals are for you using the SMART technique. Each goal must be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. By setting specific steps to achieve your goals, you can make it easier to tackle obstacles as they may come. It is important to map out your goal in a way that you can see is attainable and realistic, so that you can measure your accomplishments every step of the way to reach your goal in the time you placed. When obstacles arise, re-evaluate your goal and adjust it where necessary. An Axia degree may be your goal, or a step-stone to your goal. Think of two long-term and short-term goals that will help you in your path to earning your degree. Then, think of one long-term goal in which your Axia college degree will benefit you. Managing Time Wisely Taking a look at your Course Syllabus ahead of time will help you map out how much time you will need to set aside for your courses during the week and when you can fit it into your schedule. Ensuring that you have time to complete assignments, submit them for review and submit them by the deadline. While taking two courses at Axia, weeks alternate between assignments and discussion questions. Each class is opposite to the other. Meaning that: while you have assignments due for one class; the other class is focusing on participation and vice versa. This makes your time between courses manageable. To juggle school, work and family responsibilities successfully, refer back to long-term and short-term goals. Prioritize your goals wisely. Utilize a planner to allocate your time realistically and efficiently. Make a time log of a typical day in your life. Identify activities that do not make good use of your time and think what you could have placed that time towards regarding your goals and priorities. This will avoid time-wasters and drive you towards your goals. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention Read in a distraction-free environment. Identify your reading purpose (pleasure, understanding, critically evaluation and/or practical application). Know your reading words per minute. Apply the SQ3R strategy to your reading routine will help to ensure you learn what you read. Surveying is your overview of what you are about to read. Look through the table of contents, titles and sub-titles of an article, read the preface of a book, and identify highlighted content such as words in italics or bold. At the end of the reading, look for a summary, bibliography and index. This will give you an idea of the reading’s content. Questioning is to ask yourself what you expect from the reading and what you wish to learn from it. Break it down into questions by chapter or section and look for your answers as you read. As you read, remember the titles and highlights from surveying. Look out for the key points and answers to your questions. Identify the main idea in each paragraph by highlighting, circling or taking notes. After each section, recite the answers to your questions and other key points you found by reading them over to yourself or out loud or re-writing them. This will help to review that all your questions were answered and help you retain the information. Review shortly after reading as well as every so often in the days to follow. Try summarizing the information by recalling the key points. Refer back to your notes or marked pages. Talking to someone about what you have learned or asking someone to quiz you is also an effective way to review. Applying Personality and Learning Styles It is important to continuously identify your learning style, strengths and weaknesses throughout your education as these may change circumstantially. This will help you make the most of your strengths and rise above your weaknesses. The Personality Spectrum based on Myer-Briggs Type Inventory by Katharine and Isabel Briggs names four personality types; Thinker, Organizer, Giver and Adventurer. Each personality type exhibits different characteristics such as the ability to solve problems, neatness, honesty and flexibility. Based on your personality type, certain study techniques will be more useful than others in your distance learning success. According to the Multiple Intelligences Theory by Professor Howard Gardner there are eight intelligences people have. Some are more developed than others in each individual. These are; verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic. Depending on which intelligence you have developed more than others, you possess certain skills and abilities. Based on those, you can identify which study techniques work best for you. Once you recognize your less-developed intelligences, you can partake in activities to develop in that area. For example, if your naturalistic intelligence is under-developed, you could find out-door activities you might enjoy or learn more about nature. Understanding personality types and intelligences will help you to relate to people who have different degrees of development in intelligences and different personality types than yours. While working in groups, it may help to delegate who would do best in each area of the assignment. It may also help to understand others on a personal level realizing that we all have different thought processes and characteristics.

Brain Development

The human brain is considered as the most important and complex part of the body consisting of about 180 billion cells (Kolb and Whishaw 84). Of those 180 billion cells, 60 billion neurons are actively involved in thought processing, and each of these may synapses with as many as 15,000 neighboring neurons. Because of this complexity, for many years researchers in neuroscience have been hesitant to take on the difficult task of explaining the intricacies of the human brain. Prenatal Development The brain is among the first body parts to specialize and function in the embryo.It originates as a flat sheet of cells on the upper surface, called the neural plate. The brain begins to develop between the second and third week after fertilization and continue to develop rapidly throughout gestation (Spear 406-407). At 3 weeks of embryonic development, a tube appears along the back of the embryo. This is the neural tube, from which the entire nervous system develops. At the top of the tube, t hree bulges develop to form the three main divisions of the brain- the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, and, behind them, the spinal cord.By the time the embryo is 13 mm (y in) in length the three swellings have become five, as the forebrain itself separates into the region to become the cerebral hemispheres and below this the diencephalons. The swellings are so large that to accommodate them the tube must begin to kink. At 7 weeks, the parts of the developing neural tube initially form a straight line, but the tube soon bends so that the forebrain and hindbrain are at right angles to each other.The hindbrain develops rapidly at this stage and begins to sprout a series of nerves (cranial nerves). The forebrain also begins to enlarge, forming two bulges. These will become the large, folded cerebrum and underlying structures, such as the thalamus. At 11 weeks, most features of the adult brain appear in rudimentary form. The hindbrain differentiates into the cerebellum (larg ely concerned with balance and coordination) and the pons and medulla (which control vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat).Meanwhile, the forebrain continues to grow, and the bulk of it – the cerebrum – begins to overlap the underlying structures. By the fifth month, the wrinkles on the cortical surface of the cerebrum have appeared, and simple but recognizable EEG patterns have developed. Once the tube has been closed off, the cells within it divide, going through a number of precursor stages before their daughters eventually differentiate to give rise to the populations of neurons and glia that will form the adult brain.The rate of cell proliferation is extraordinary: an average of more than 250,000 neurons per minute must be formed during the nine months of pregnancy—a rate dramatically surpassed by that of synapse formation: More than 30,000 synapses must be formed per second under every square centimeters of cortex to generate the complement pres ent in the early post-natal period. During pregnancy the fetal brain grows dramatically in size and complexity, and the neurons and glia which constitute it must find their appropriate positions and make their ordered connections, for instance within the six layers of the cerebral cortex.Because the cells are generated from a single initial sheet, it is necessary for them to migrate considerable distances to their final location. The cerebral hemispheres develop from the front portion of the neural tube, and, as their progenitor cells are formed, by the fifth week of pregnancy, the wall of the tube bulges to form the cerebral vesicles. Over the next hundred days, cells close to the ventricle are destined to give rise to the neurons which will form the cortex, while the glia are born in a second layer slightly further from the ventricles.The newborn neurons migrate from the ventricular zone towards the surface of the cerebral vesicles, where they meet axons growing in from the region of the developing brainstem, through which the later-born neurons must migrate. Before birth, massive enlargement of the cerebrum continues. Its most impressive development occurs in the cerebral cortex (the outer layers of the cerebrum) – the site of all higher conscious activity. At birth, the cerebrum makes up the bulk of the brain (The American Medical Association 12-13).Hence, by the time of birth, virtually all of the approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain already are present (Cowan 113-115). Infancy But even this phenomenal rate of development may be an understatement (Clarke 345). Further Myers stated that in humans, though the brain tissue from the cerebral cortex has increased in complexity of the neural networks, the number of nerve cells don’t increase, but their interconnections do (63) Research in animals indicates that early in development, about twice as many neurons are produced than will be present in the adult brain.In addition, many n eurons initially grow axons that connect to the wrong targets. During the normal course of development, the excess neurons die and the inappropriate connections degenerate, leaving the appropriate connections in place (Cowan, Fawcett, OLeary, and Stanfield 1258-1260). Scientists believe that this overproduction and, later, death of neurons and their connections is an important mechanism for forming and fine-tuning the developing nervous system. The brain is not completely developed even in full-term newborn infants.A great deal of brain development takes place in the first few months of postnatal life; and, in fact, brain growth continues at least until adolescence (Benjamin, Hopkins, and Nation 313). They further added at birth, the human brain is immature: The neural networks that enable infants to walk, talk, and remember are still forming. This helps explain why infants’ memories do not predate during their third or fourth birthdays. In infancy, the brain also grows rapid ly specifically during the first two years after birth (Spear 170).Unlike all other cells in the body, however, the neurons are not usually replaced when they die, and from early infancy onwards there is indeed a small but steady loss of neurons. The growth is accounted for by increases in the number of glial cells, but above all in the massive development of dendritic processes and synaptic connections, as the brain â€Å"wires itself up† in a spectacular interplay of epigenetic specificity and experience-dependent plasticity—that is, the way that neural pathways are modified as a result of experience and most notably, learning and memory.Although all of a person’s neurons are present at birth, the number and complexity of the connections among neurons increase substantially after birth (Parmelee and Sigman 2:95-98), and this increase is partly responsible for the growth in brain size. Thus, both the increased neural connections and the development of myelin af ter birth make possible more and more complex behavior and thought as the child grows. In some areas of the brain, these developmental changes continue until adolescence (Yakovieve & Lecours 5-7).The human brain, and its functions, thus develop at first rapidly and then more steadily over the first few years of infancy, across puberty, and even into late adolescence. Works Cited Benjamin, Ludy, Hopkins, Roy, and Jack Nation. Psychology. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1997. Clarke, P. G. H. Neuronal Death in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Trends in Neuroscience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Cowan,W. M. â€Å"The development of the brain†. Scientific America,241(1989):113-120. Cown,W. M. ,Fawcett,. j. w. , O`Leary,. D.D. M. ,& Stanfield,B. B. â€Å"Regressive Events in Neurogenesis†. Science,225(1991):1258-1260. Clayman,C. B. ,M. D. â€Å"The Brain and Nervous System. † The American Medical Association. 2nd ed. 199 7. Kolb,B. , AND Whishaw,I. O. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York: Freeman,1995. Parmelee,A. H. , and Sigman,M. D. Prenatal brain development and behavior. In P. H. Mussen (Ed). Handbook of Child Psychology,Vol II. Infancy and development psychology. New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1984. Spear, Peter D. Psychology: perspective on behavior, New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1998.

Essay on Indian Tribes

Essay on Indian Tribes Essay on Indian Tribes FINAL Cheyanne 10 bands, council of 44†¦ 4 important people in each band. Structure. 1. Northern Cheyenne - Eaters, omisis, great hunters, they’ll eat anything, largest group up north. 2. Burnt Aorta (Heviqsnipahis) - Roasted aorta, buffalo aorta, dried out bison heart used as a pipe. Women sit with feet facing left, women are most modest (burme order) (Sioux close to Cheyanne). 3. Hair Rope Men – make rope from horsehair, rather than rawhide. Black Hills†¦ ended up in the southern plains. 4. Original Hairoteman (Scabby or Scabbies) – Developed skin condition using mangy buffalo hide as a saddle blanket. Originally kindred with the Hair Rope Band. Relocated to Colorado. 5. Ridge Men – Offshoot of Hair Rope Men, developed a preference for living in the â€Å"ridge country†. 6. Sutai – Absorbed by Cheyenne in late 18th century 7. Sioux-eaters – Those Who Eat w/ the Sioux. An incorporated group of Sioux into the Cheyenne tribe. 8. Grey Hair – Fixed legs, said to have a large proportion of children with grey hair. 9. Prognathous Jaws (big jaws) – Deer dance, war path. Masscam (Animal dance) – Arrow Keepers, ancient way of relating to animals 10. Poor – haunowa, origin of name is unknown Additional Notes: Sioux – Tai – Either persecuted, some group has them on the run, encroachment by other tribes taking their food causing them to go hungry, taking of their supplies. Sioux eaters (Northern Cheyanne) Fought together and ate together. 10 other bands: 1. Kickapoo 2. Winnebago 3. Blackfoot 4. Sioux 5. Arapaho 6. Kiowa 7. Lakota 8. Herron 9. Iroquois 10. Chippewa 11. Runners (Town Crier) – Cheyenne 12. Bands stop in center and smoke in 4 directions, Sacred 4 (north, south, east, west), 4 sacred number. 13. Plains lodge – Plains Tipi, 4 or 3 poles 14. Small Teepee – 11 cowhides, 15. Large – 21 cowhides 16. Females had awls, flechette (material culture) 17. Describe material culture, hair ropes, quill work, hyde paintings, bows, arrows, medicine hat. 18. Describe Cheyenne Law – kill another Cheyenne you are excommunicated (just as good as dead) (#15) a. Describe Council of 44 – council of chiefs, four chiefs from each of the 10 Cheyenne bands, plus 4 principal or â€Å"Old Man† chiefs who previously served on the council with distinction. 19. What are quillers? Cheyenne Women that extract quills from porcupines and prepare them for embroidering. They dye them with different colors, flatten them with their teeth.

How to Create and Use Hashes in Ruby

How to Create and Use Hashes in Ruby Arrays are not the only way to manage collections of variables in Ruby. Another type of collection of variables is the hash, also called an associative array. A hash is like an array in that its a variable that stores other variables. However, a hash is unlike an array in that the stored variables are not stored in any particular order, and they are retrieved with a key instead of by their position in the collection. Create a Hash With Key/Value Pairs A hash is useful to store what are called key/value pairs. A key/value pair has an identifier to signify which variable of the hash you want to access and a variable to store in that position in the hash. For example, a teacher might store a students grades in a hash. Bobs grade would be accessed in a hash by the key Bob and the variable stored at that location would be Bobs grade. A hash variable can be created the same way as an array variable. The simplest method is to create an empty hash object and fill it with key/value pairs. Note that the index operator is used, but the students name is used instead of a number.​​ Remember that hashes are unordered, meaning there is no defined beginning or end as there is in an array. So, you cannot append to a hash. Values are simply inserted into the hash using the index operator. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades Hash.newgrades[Bob] 82grades[Jim] 94grades[Billy] 58puts grades[Jim] Hash Literals Just like arrays, hashes can be created with hash literals. Hash literals use the curly braces instead of square brackets and the key value pairs are joined by . For example, a hash with a single key/value pair of Bob/84 would look like this: { Bob 84 }. Additional key/value pairs can be added to the hash literal by separating them with commas. In the following example, a hash is created with the grades for a number of students. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades { Bob 82,Jim 94,Billy 58}puts grades[Jim] Accessing Variables in the Hash There may be times when you must access each variable in the hash. You can still loop over the variables in the hash using the each loop, though it wont work the same way as using the each loop with array variables. Because a hash is unordered, the order in which each will loop over the key/value pairs may not be the same as the order in which you inserted them. In this example, a hash of grades will be looped over and printed. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades { Bob 82,Jim 94,Billy 58}grades.each do|name,grade|puts #{name}: #{grade}end

Sexual Dysfunctions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sexual Dysfunctions - Research Paper Example Some of the very common sexual dysfunctions or disorders are: sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders, sexual pain disorders, paraphilias (in which the person experiences intense sexual urges toward non-human things, children, etc.), gender identity disorder (in which the person wishes to be of the opposite sex due to dissatisfaction of the gender roles assigned to his/her sex), and many more. Also, sexual dysfunctions may be classified as primary or secondary in nature. A primary sexual dysfunction is one which a person has always been experiencing. A secondary sexual dysfunction is one which a person has started experiencing after being normal all his life. A woman who has always experienced pain during intercourse has a primary sexual dysfunction; while, a woman who has started feeling pain with a current partner and did not experience it with any of the previous partners has a secondary sexual dysfunction. This paper intends to elaborate upon one spe cific kind of sexual arousal dysfunction in men: erectile dysfunction. Erectile Dysfunction Videbeck (2010) defines erectile dysfunction (ED) as â€Å"a persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain, until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate erection, which causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty† (p.156). ... The blood flow sustains in the penis for such a brief time period that is not enough for the man to achieve and maintain a firm erection. This also results in an inability to ejaculate. For a perfect erection, the nervous system must be healthy enough to conduct sexual impulses from the brain through the spinal cord to the penis. Also, the arteries located in the neighborhood of corpora cavernosa must also be functioning properly. A malfunctioning nervous system or imperfect arteries near corpora cavernosa may cause ED. Moreover, ED can also occur if the muscles and tissues that are located inside the corpora cavernosa are not smooth, or if there is an insufficient supply of nitric oxide inside the penis. Some of the most important risk factors that are likely to cause ED are: advanced age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, recreational drug use, depression, psychiatric disorders, and stress (MedicineNet Inc., 2011). Symptoms The symptom of ED is not being able to achieve and maintain an erection. Since, it has been described above, let’s jump onto the diagnosis section. Diagnosis Diagnosis requires that the patient and the physician share a good communicative relationship so that the cause of ED is identified and its severity is taken into account. During diagnosis, the physician brings into consideration questions like: is it really ED or the patient is confusing it with loss of libido or premature ejaculation? Are there any psychological factors involved? Is the patient being able to maintain involuntary erections in the morning or during sleep (which are usually maintained by men having psychogenic ED)? Are there any physical factors causing atherosclerosis resulting in ED? Is ED a result of any

Ethnographic Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ethnographic Review - Essay Example The author undertook the research in mid 1980’s. She travelled extensively in the region, gathering as much information about the community. The women merchants and weavers collaborated with Lynn on the research. The town of focus was Teotitlan in Oaxaca. The ethnography seeks to elaborate how the Zapotec woman has adapted to the oppressive nature of the society, and transformed to a politically and economically minded person (Lynn 3). The economic advancements have also brought about classes within the community by causing economical and societal divisions. Lynn explores ethnicity and class among the Zapotec people utilizing the views of women. From the Zapotec perspective, the construction of ethnicity has two dimensions. These include external and internal version of ethnic identity. External ethnic identity is formulated for consumption by outsiders. This is the external face shown to consumers and tourists. It emphasizes on solidarity of the community and a common claim t hat their women are the originators of the treadle loom weaving in Oaxaca. The internal version emphasizes participation in cultural institutions and a common language. It is the internal face and is only accessible to people who belong to the community (Lynn 18). The Zapotec have created their own culture which incorporates aspects of Indian and Spanish heritage. Ethnicity is one of the key elements when it comes to the global textile market. Commercial success of the Zapotec textile industry depends on the creation of an identity. The identity of the Zapotec women weavers must appear to be indigenous, traditional and simple. This has led to the attraction of the international market. This is attributed to the fact that people in the textile industry demand authenticity in their goods. The identity created by the Zapotec is unique. However, Teotitlan weavers use technology brought about by the Spanish. This represents integration of Spanish heritage among the Zapotec traditions (Ly nn 23). Hence, one can integrate traditional rituals and new technology so as generate better products. Many of Oaxaca’s textile middlemen and producers hail from Teotitlan (Lynn 35). Most of the weavers in these regions are shown to be on a contract basis. This implies that they produce textiles for intermediary brokers. These contract workers are often underpaid. This has led to the formation of cooperatives so as to market their textile products directly to the international market. These are the independent workers. There is a marked difference in the social-economic status of these two. The other issue explored in the ethnography is gender, kinship and globalization. Authority can be classified into two: respect and ritual (Lynn 47). A woman merits respect because of the type of relationship that she forges and because of the way she behaves towards the other in this relationship. Respect determines the ability of a person to hold influence and authority. It is gained by community participation, virtue and increasing age. On the other hand, ritual authority is dependent on kinship ties. Ritual kinship binds the Zapotec weaving women and the merchant in a lifelong relationship. This has led to economic exchanges characterized by interest free loans of goods, labor and cash. This further fosters economic empowerment among the Zapotec woman. The ethnography then recollects the stories of six Zapotec women (Lynn 63). One of them is Julia. She was born in 1929

IT Project problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Project problems - Essay Example The project was a good example of organizational problems leading to failures in IT projects. The key stakeholders were Deloitte and the state. Deloitte was to blame for the mishap due imminent organizational issues as will be discussed. There was lack of clear communication of what would be termed as the deliverable. In such a case, it was possible to deem the project as a success without much questioning. Krigman (2013) states that the Deloitte group simply understated the problems as â€Å"issues and challenges† and that the systems were in a working condition in other states. This was a technical lapse owing to the fact that the project at hand was actually cancelled, after the long time and expenses. Success in an IT project depends on a number of factors, which lie under the realm of the management. Amongst these are time, budget, value, quality, professionalism and satisfaction to the stakeholders. It is upon the project manager to ensure that these factors are met in order to deem a certain project as successful. In view of the case project, none of this was meant, meaning that the project was a critical failure. As part of the ten factor model of project implementation, management support is a crucial agent in distinguishing success from failure in projects. Project management is deemed to depend on the management for authority and direction and also as a channel for implementation of the goals and plans of the organization. The manner in which the management supports a project determines the degree to which the clients will accept e same project. Thus, top management support is a combination of the resources allocated for the project, as well as the support available when a crisis occurs. In order to successfully implement projects, the management should be strict in standard guidelines of the project lifecycle. After the concept is adopted, proper planning should ensure that all necessary requirements are put in place.

Mary Jones Case study Essay Example for Free

Mary Jones Case study Essay Coping styles can simply be defined as a person’s characteristics or strategies that are used in responding to various life problems and trauma. This can involve some thought, emotional or behaviors used by the affected individual to cope with such problems or circumstances. There are two broad types of copings styles, these are internalizing and externalizing coping style. Patients who â€Å"tend to locate the cause of their problems, even more than the resolution of the problems, within themselves† (Beutler Marnat, 2005 ) are consider to exercise internalizing coping styles. Patient that exhibit externalizing coping style tend to get angry more easily and blame all other people for their predicaments. They tend to enjoy social gatherings, active parties, and other activities that allow them to externalize their behaviors. Patient that exhibit Internalizing coping styles with disease condition tend to experience a very high level of distress and tend to make some self depressing comments about themselves. Such people may also show great capacity for insight. Internalizers also tend to withdraw from most social gatherings, prefer solitary environment and activities such as staying indoors, reading and listening to music. They want to do everything to reduce stimulation, reduce participating with other people in various social events and they also want to enjoy some relaxing event such as watching television. The aim of this paper is to objectively identify the causes of Mary Jones coping styles and help design adjustment plan which will integrate a strategy that will improve on herself image and worth , improve upon her present interpersonal relationship with people around her and her partner and also help her cope with the prognosis of the disease condition. It will also evaluate level of responses to her anxiety. Mary Jones In the case of Mary Jones, a 36 years old woman in a De Facto relationship and lawyer by profession with a medical history of ovarian cancer, unilateral ovariectomy, chemotherapy and ongoing task of coping with several situation and conditions such as adapting to loss of personal image and function, increase dependency, hospitalization, her partner’s need of children, fear, anxiety and anger. She tried to coping with those situations by externalizing her behavior and coping styles in the sense that she tend to blame others for her condition, punish and manipulate others, demand them to solve her problems, sole dependency with no sense of personal responsibility and resentment towards her partner. The major reasons for all these coping styles can be attributed to the psychological and emotional trauma that are associated with ovarian cancer, the changes in symptoms commonly seen in the condition and the increased anxiety level in regards to the prognosis of the disease state. Since we all experience and react to psychological and emotional trauma differently, Mary’s past experiences, relationship status, beliefs and the knowledge of signs and symptoms related to her condition all contribute to her present coping styles. She might have been so much concerned about the prognosis or the recurrence of the disease and the associated side effects of the medications. Since an ovary is needed to produce egg which will be fertilized by her partner’s sperm, now the ovary has been removed and there is higher tendency for the other ovary to have been affected and other parts of the body such as the lungs, the gastrointestinal tracts and kidney (Koushik Siemiatycki, 2009). Since the disease condition is associated with a very poor prognosis and actual removal of the ovary, which might result into infertility and inability to actually give birth to a child. This will affect her De Facto relationship because her partner wants children. Since there are several physical changes that are associated with chemotherapy and hospitalization, she might find it difficult to actually cope with all those changes both physically and her perception self. These changes will also affect her self esteem making her to act to actually prevent her from relating normally with her partner and her health care givers. Chemotherapy normally affects her sex life and also results in early menopause. Hence all these possibilities can lead to an increase in anxiety level which will subsequently affect her relationship with her partner. She might feel very tired hence depending on those people around her for help. Mary also needs to adjust to Pain, Fear and Anxiety associated with her condition, hence a need to change her present personality and behavior to the people around her and her partner. Her maladaptive coping styles actually cause more harm than good simply because she try externalizing her behavior by blaming and solely depending on her partner and health care provider whenever she needs help instead of helping herself out in those areas she still have the capacity to do so. Since there are no psychological or emotional intervention for helping her cope with her present condition, her negative behavioral modifications had hinder the development of good interpersonal relationship between her partner, care givers and her. Behavioral manifestations and their effects on Mary’s interpersonal relationship †¢ Blaming and punishing others for her problems- this coping strategy by Mary can be attributed to the psychological and emotional trauma associated with management of ovarian cancer. She’s actually trying to trying to transfer her feelings to the people around her by blaming them, making them feel they are somehow responsible for her predicament and also make them feel that they need to do something to help her. She might also try blaming others so as not to take the responsibility of her predicament or by trying to avoid the reality. This coping style will hinder the development of effective interpersonal relationship between Mary and the people around simply because the affected individual will get to a stage whereby they will not be able to cope with her actions hence they try withdrawing from helping her. †¢ Covertly punishing and manipulating others- this coping style or strategy is still within the context of her trying shifting her blame to others in the sense that she want to manipulate people around her to get what she want. This attitude will hinder the trust between her and people around. Trust is vital to development of an effective relationship, hence when she manipulate people she directly or indirectly affects her interpersonal relationship and also the treatment meant to be given to her. †¢ Demanding others solve her problems for her- demanding others to help solve her problem can something be good coping styles because patients in her situation will need the help of people around her so as be able to reduce the level of stress and anxiety associated with the condition. Excessive demand of people to solve her problems will have a negative effect on herself responsibility †¢ Resentment towards her partner believing he â€Å"does not understand†- Mary’s feeling of resentment can be attributed to her belief that her partner does not really understand what she’s going through presently simply because he still articulate his need for children. This feeling will affect her thoughts and perception of her De Facto relationship and subsequently increase her anxiety level. There is high possibility that the fear of her losing her partner will be the major factor leading her to such feeling towards her partner. Helping Mary cope with her present medical condition Helping Mary out of her present maladaptive coping style, require a multidisciplinary approach that will have to focus on the psychological, emotional, social, health and the interpersonal relationship aspect of her behavior. She will be referred to behavioral therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist, social workers and physician. the behavioral therapist will help identify the causes of the maladaptive behavior, measure the coping styles by the use of scales like Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory which is a software that can help measure and analyzed the coping styles (Frankel, 2009) or the use of direct questions in regards to her actions, thoughts, feelings, how she view her problems being caused by other people or external situations. The therapist intervention can then be focused on the result of the analysis which can either be towards the control of symptoms or insight (symptoms in the case of Mary). Psychologist will try and identify previous psychosocial and environmental factors leading to her present behavior and find ways of eliminating such predisposing factors. The psychologist will also try and adopt new viewpoint or set of behavior which will influences are interpersonal relationship and help her adjust to good coping styles. Some of the adaptive coping styles can be in form of knowing what to expect, maintaining a strong support system, let people help her, be proactive, taking time for herself, and setting reasonable goals. Social workers will try and invite the partner and educate both of them on the present condition so as to help her solve the issue of resentment towards the partner and also build trust between both of them. The physician will educate her on the prognosis of her condition, the fact that she might still bear children with other ovary and reassurance of good life after therapy. The physician will also educate her on the associated side effect of the chemotherapy and the facts that the side effect are only for some time and when properly manage, she can still live a good life with her partner. Strategies helping her partner and health care givers †¢ Patience- the partner and the health care givers should try and be patient with her so as not to take her present coping style against her. They should also try and understand her feelings in regards to her situation †¢ Encouragement- people in Mary’s situation need words of encouragement and support from the family members and health care giver. Her partner must ensure to always encourage her so as to create a sense of support which will ultimately affect the interpersonal relationship between both of them Responses to anxiety level Everybody has various degrees of responses to anxiety. These degree or level of response are mild, moderate, severe and the panic level. Mild and moderate level of responses to anxiety is still normal but in the case of severe and panic level, the individual is said to have anxiety disorders. In the case of Mary Jones her responses to anxiety level are as follows; cognitive or perpetual response at mild level by showing disorganized thought which tend to be uncontrollable. At the moderate response level, she tend to show uncomfortable experience by her interpersonal relationship while at the severe level of response she tend to show a response that can be attributed to a narrowed perpetual field and difficulty in problem solving, hence she tend to depend on her partner and health givers to solve all her problems. The last level of response was the panic level where she tends to show emotional or behavioral changes or responses by showing loss of control and feel angry and terrified and tend to be angry with her partner and care givers. Conclusion Considering Mary’s present health status and maladaptive coping strategies or styles, there is strong tendency for her status and coping style to change for better simply because of the various outlined interventions which would help her cope with life after ovariectomy and chemotherapy. Also some strategies that can help her partner and health givers cope with her present and the proposed coping styles have also been outlined. Besides, removing one ovary is not the end of her life, even women who have undergone bilateral ovariectomy can still have children with the help of advancement in technology. References Beutler, L. , Marnat. , (2005). â€Å"Integrative Assessment of Adult Personality†. Second Edition. Retrieved August 5, 2009 from http://books. google. com. gh/books? id=4puU3KqlEjcCpg=PA115lpg=PA115dq=externalizing+coping+stylessource=blots=K1V89eXR6asig=xRaYZ6xi4e_SB1zhpjSGF9j96Ishl=enei=lVV5SpXzKoSIMY7alaMOsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1#v=onepageq=externalizing%20coping%20stylesf=false

Emily Dickinson: Life And Her Works :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinson: Life and Her Works Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America's most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicated writer. Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts on December 10,1830 to a prominent family, her father Edward Dickinson was both a lawyer and the Treasurer of Amherst College. Emily's mother was Emily Norcross Dickinson. Emily had one older brother, William Austin and a little sister, Lavinia. She was educated at the Amerherst Academy, the institute that her grandfather helped found. She also spent a year at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, but had left because she did not like the religious environment. For a woman of this time, this much education was very rare.1 Emily Dickinson was a very mysterious person as she got older she became more and more reclusive too the point that by her thirties, she would not leave her house and would withdraw from visitors. Emily was known to give fruit and treats to children by lowering them out her window in a basket with a rope to avoid actually seeing them face to face. She developed a reputation as a myth, because she was almost never seen and when people did catch a glimpse of her she was always wearing white. Emily Dickinson never got married but is thought to have had a relationship with Reverend Charles Wadsworth who she met in the spring of 1854 in Philadelphia. He was a famous preacher and was married. Many scholars believe that he was the subject of her love poems. Emily probably only saw Wadsworth an additional three times after their first encounter which was only done by him going to Amherst, where she lived. In 1861 Wadsworth moved to San Francisco. It is after this time that Emily really started to produce hundreds of poems. Emily Dickinson submitted very few poems to publishers. She felt that her poetry was not good enough to be read by everyone. Eight of her poems were published during her life time either by her friends who submitted them to a publisher without her consent or Emily Anonymously. (Emily Dickinson 1996,1) In 1862 she told a friend "If fame belonged to me I could not escape her...My Barefoot-Rank is better." It is also thought that Emily Dickinson had a passionate relationship with Susan Gilbert. Emily wrote three times more poems to Susan then to any one

AussieBum Reflection Essay

AussieBum is an Australian male underwear and swimwear brand. The company is based in Sydney’s inner-west and has become one of Australia’s most sought after brands. Originally just a hobby for company founder Sean Ashby, AussieBum started in the corner of his living room. As time progressed and his brand became popular, operations moved out of his living room and expanded into a company warehouse. After being shunned by Australian retailers, the company moved online. Once word got out about the Australian surf-cultured underwear, the rest of the world became interested. AussieBum’s prime function is selling men’s underwear and swimwear to a target market of young men aged between 16 and 39. At this stage, AussieBum would be in the maturity stage of the Business Life Cycle because it has already expanded and grown to be a large company. At this stage it is focused on the selling of its products before renewing it’s brand. AussieBum have hit the mark with their marketing and brand strategy, which allows them to mature for longer. The company has a goal to turn over more than $20 million dollars in a year. AussieBum also wants to see more people wearing their products. AussieBum has a partnership as its ownership form. This is the best structure as it allows the company to be guided by two people rather than dictated by one. It also leaves the two leaders answerable to each other so that there is no misguided activities or ideas that are not regulated or thought through well enough. A major challenge was faced during the initial stages of the company. They were shunned by Australian retailers, which gave them no opportunity to launch their brand in stores. They reciprocated their downfall into success by launching a website which has enabled them to become a global company. The e-business approach was a positive move for AussieBum. Consumers purchase AussieBum’s products online from anywhere in the world, easily allowing the company to go global. Originally the e-business model as adapted so that the company could get their brand in the public eye without having a retailer carry it. AussieBum’s marketing strategy has been simple, but unique. There have been no television or radio advertisements; instead there have been several online campaigns to promote the company. In relation to the four P’s, they have always let their product do the marketing work. By having their products on show in the public eye, it has made the public aware of the brand. The prices are not as expensive as exclusive brands, but carry the same level of design and quality, making it an affordable alternative. By having their product in the right place, the product is promoting itself. The promotion of the business is mainly done in the online world. Photo-shoots are done with attractive, well-built Australian models in Australian environments e.g. Bondi Beach and used on their websites and other internet sites like Facebook and other social networks. I believe that AussieBum’s marketing strategy has been extremely successful. Their strategy proves the power of the consumer. They strategy has made their product highly desirable and sought after across the world. The increasingly higher popularity of the internet over the years would have helped their strategy to be successful. Sean Ashby can be considered an entrepreneur as he demonstrates qualities that are essential to their success. By being resilient and using initiative, Sean was able to re-group after being rejected by Australian retailers and use his initiative to start an online portal for his brand, eliminating the need for a retail outlet. He has also had the determination to be able to keep working on his company to bring it to the success levels that it is experiencing. I would suggest that the company attempt to move their brand into elusive Australian department stores e.g. Myer and David Jones to boost their profit. From reading the AussieBum article, I have learned to think outside the box and not to ‘stick to the status quo’. Sean Ashby has proved that there are more ways to make a retail brand successful than just selling it in stores. He also proved that there better ways to connect with the consumer than just advertising. AussieBum Mission Statement: AussieBum aims to bring a burst of energy and uniqueness to your underwear. We spice up what’s underneath. AussieBum will make you feel confident and proud to show what’s hiding. We want you to be excited about AussieBum shopping, and get excited to wear AussieBum.

Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight Loss Drug Essay

1. What is the decision-making process for Metabical? Who is involved? Metabical needs to decide whom to sell and what means to use in order to reach this group successfully. This decision has to be taken by Printup and her marketing team. The target market should be identified; first of all, the segmentation of the market needs to be done in order to analyze which segment of the market would be more attracted by this product. Besides surveyed people, physicians play a very important role. 2. How should Printup think about the segmentation of potential Metabical consumers? Who is the optimal target consumer? Printup should take into consideration the different goals individuals have towards losing weight, since not everyone have the same reason to lose weight, some are moved by the health risk and others just to look good. Furthermore, the willingness and ability to pay for the product should be considered to identify the optimal target market. After the data was studied, the optimal target consumer should be overweight women (25 to 30), ages 35 to 65, who are college educated since this group takes care more about their health and visit the doctor with frequency. 3. How should CSP identify and employ the differential advantages that Metabical offers to position itself in the marketplace? Since Metabical will be proven to have better results than any other product in the market along with less dangerous side effects, it will be easier to be differentiated from its competitors. It needs to be positioned as a quality product, backed up by the FDA. Then it would be perceived as a luxury type of product that will help individuals who struggle to lose weight to feel and look better. For a successful communication strategy, CSP has to focus on the individual and the physician, for the first group, a celebrity spokesperson should be used since they have power over the audience for being known and trusted. Furthermore, the message should highlight the importance of being healthy and having a better life.

Free Essays on Stephen Kumalo And James Jarvis

for James to read, and like Kumalo, he also begins to doubt himself as a father. Later in the book Kumalo arrives a James Jarvis’s house. He goes to find where Sibeko is. When Jarvis answers the door, he senses in Kumalo that something very sad has happened to him. He treats the suffering native with kindness and courtesy, something he wouldn’t have bothere... Free Essays on Stephen Kumalo And James Jarvis Free Essays on Stephen Kumalo And James Jarvis Two men, separated not only by race but also distance, come to share similar experiences in the classic novel â€Å"Cry, the Beloved Country†. The scene is South Africa and author Alan Paton depicts a story of its constant internal struggle between the whites and the blacks. Paton brings to light, not the difference between the races, but attempts to show equality among them. â€Å"The reader soon realizes it matters not a tinker’s dam what the color of their respective skins is.†(Schmitt 279). Stephen Kumalo, a Zulu priest, and James Jarvis, a wealthy plantation owner, are brought together by tragedy and exhibit similar traits and actions under the stress. This is done to easily draw distinction that the ethnic groups are very much the same and that they need to work together to save the country in which they live. The novels action begins with Stephen Kumalo, also referred to as umfundisi and his quest to find his lost family members. As he locates each one of them, he is stricken hard by what they have become. His sister, a prostitute, his son Absolom, an unwed father to be and future murderer, and his brother John, a corrupt politician, all strip away his innocence and test his morals. Stephen begins doubting himself as a father and a person. Not unlike Kumalo, James Jarvis is equally shaken emotionally. This comes as a death in the family, his son Arthur. More than the actual death itself, the writings of his son give insight about him and show a side James never knew Arthur had. Arthur states that his dad had not taught him anything. These are hard words for James to read, and like Kumalo, he also begins to doubt himself as a father. Later in the book Kumalo arrives a James Jarvis’s house. He goes to find where Sibeko is. When Jarvis answers the door, he senses in Kumalo that something very sad has happened to him. He treats the suffering native with kindness and courtesy, something he wouldn’t have bothere...

Dicrimination in the Workplace essays

Dicrimination in the Workplace essays Discrimination in the workplace This paper will talk about discrimination in the work place. There are many types of discrimination in the work place. There is racial, religious, age, disability and sexual. All of these will be covered in this paper. The reason I choose this topic is because when I looked around the room of my class I noticed that most of the students are minorities. As college students and aspiring leaders of tomorrow discrimination will play a major role in minorities lives as they look for employment or are employed with The first type of discrimination I would like to talk about today is racial discrimination. Unfortunately this is the most common kind of discrimination in our country. Chicagolegalnet.com says that It is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant because of the individuals national origin. No one can be denied equal employment opportunity because of birthplace, ancestry, culture, or linguistic characteristics common to a specific ethnic group. The next type of discrimination that I would like to talk about is religious discrimination. Since September 11, 2001 this type of discrimination has taken center stage with all businesses, for the well being of our Muslim people.Coorporate America is usually more sensitive to religious issues than any other. Thanks to laws passed by our U.S. government entitling people to freedom of religion. M.Staver says that In addition to accommodating ones religious belief an employer should not discriminate based upon ones religious belief. An employer should not make discriminatory rules, employment practices, or employment decisions that revolve around ones particular religious belief. Age discrimination is also a common practice in businesses these days. This problem is compounded by the fact that some employers are looking for younger ...

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System In the 1500s, Spain systematically conquered parts of North, Central and South America as well as the Caribbean. With native governments such as the efficient Inca Empire in ruins, the Spanish conquistadors  needed to find a way to rule their new subjects. The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with native communities. In exchange for native labor and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. In reality, however, the encomienda system was thinly-masked slavery and led to some of the worst horrors of the colonial era. The Encomienda System The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning to entrust. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests or colonial officials were given a repartimiento, or grant of land. These lands were often quite vast. The land included any native cities, towns, communities or families that lived there. The natives were supposed to provide tribute, in the form of gold or silver, crops, and foodstuffs, animals such as pigs or llamas or anything else the land produced. The natives could also be made to work for a certain amount of time, say on a sugarcane plantation or in a mine. In return, the owner, or encomendero, was responsible for the well-being of his subjects and was to see to it that they were converted and educated about Christianity. A Troublesome System The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in the newly-conquered territories, and the encomiendas were a quick-fix that killed both birds with one stone. The system essentially made landed nobility out of men whose only skills were murder, mayhem, and torture: the kings hesitated to set up a New World oligarchy which could later prove troublesome. It also swiftly led to abuses: encomenderos made unreasonable demands of the natives who lived on their lands, working them excessively or demanding tribute of crops that could not be grown on the land. These problems appeared quickly. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 natives and even on such a small scale, it wasn’t long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. Encomiendas in Peru In Peru, where encomiendas were granted on the ruins of the rich and mighty Inca Empire, the abuses soon reached epic proportions. The encomenderos there showed an inhuman indifference to the suffering of the families on their encomiendas. They did not change the quotas even when crops failed or disasters struck: many natives were forced to choose between fulfilling quotas and starving to death or failing to meet quotas and facing the often-lethal punishment of the overseers. Men and women were forced to work in mines for weeks at a time, often by candlelight in deep shafts. The mercury mines were particularly lethal. During the first years of the colonial era, Peruvian natives died by the hundreds of thousands. Administration of the Encomiendas The owners of the encomiendas were not supposed to ever visit the encomienda lands: this was supposed to cut down on abuses. The natives instead brought the tribute to wherever the owner happened to be, generally in the larger cities. The natives were often forced to walk for days with heavy loads to be delivered to their encomendero. The lands were run by cruel overseers and native chieftains who often demanded extra tribute themselves, making the lives of the natives even more miserable. Priests were supposed to live on the encomienda lands, instructing the natives in Catholicism, and often these men became defenders of the people they taught, but just as often they committed abuses of their own, living with native women or demanding tribute of their own. The Reformers While the conquistadors were wringing every last speck of gold from their miserable subjects, the ghastly reports of abuses piled up in Spain. The Spanish crown was in a tough spot: the royal fifth, or 20% tax on conquests and mining in the New World, was fueling the expansion of the Spanish Empire. On the other hand, the crown had made it quite clear that the Indians were not slaves but Spanish subjects with certain rights, which were being flagrant, systematically and horrifically violated. Reformers such as Bartolomà © de las Casas were predicting everything from the complete depopulation of the Americas to the eternal damnation of everyone involved in the whole sordid enterprise. In 1542, Charles V of Spain finally listened to them and passed the so-called New Laws. The New Laws The New Laws were a series of royal ordinances designed to halt the abuses of the encomienda system, particularly in Peru. Natives were to have their rights as citizens of Spain and could not be forced to work if they did not want to. Reasonable tribute could be collected, but any additional work was to be paid for. Existing encomiendas would pass to the crown upon the death of the encomendero, and no new encomiendas were to be granted. Furthermore, anyone who abused natives or who had participated in the conquistador civil wars could lose their encomiendas. The king approved the laws and sent a Viceroy, Blasco Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, to Lima with clear orders to enforce them. Rebellion The colonial elite was livid with rage when the provisions of the New Laws became known. The encomenderos had lobbied for years for the encomiendas to be made permanent and passable from one generation to another, something the King had always resisted. The New Laws removed all hope of perpetuity being granted. In Peru, most of the settlers had taken part in the conquistador civil wars and could, therefore, lose their encomiendas immediately. The settlers rallied around Gonzalo Pizarro, one of the leaders of the original conquest of the Inca Empire and brother of Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez, who was killed in battle, and basically ruled Peru for two years before another royalist army defeated him; Pizarro was captured and executed. A few years later, the second rebellion under Francisco Hernndez Girà ³n took place and was also put down. End of the Encomienda System The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. Gonzalo Pizarros supporters had urged him to declare himself King of Peru, but he refused: had he done so, Peru might have successfully split from Spain 300 years early. Charles V felt it prudent to suspend or repeal the most hated aspects of the New Laws. The Spanish crown still steadfastly refused to grant encomiendas in perpetuity, however, so slowly these lands reverted to the crown. Some of the encomenderos managed to secure title-deeds to certain lands: unlike the encomiendas, these could be passed down from one generation to the next. Those families that held land would eventually become the native oligarchy. Once the encomiendas reverted to the crown, they were overseen by corregidores, royal agents who administered crown holdings. These men proved to be every bit as bad as the encomenderos had been: corregidores were appointed for relatively brief periods, so they tended to squeeze as much as they could out of a particular holding while they could. In other words, although the encomiendas were phased out eventually by the crown, the lot of the native workers did not improve. The encomienda system was one of the many horrors inflicted on the native people of the New World during the conquest and colonial eras. It was essentially slavery, given but a thin (and illusory) veneer of respectability for the Catholic education that it implied. It legally allowed the Spaniards to work the natives literally to death in the fields and mines. It seems counter-productive to kill off your own workers, but the Spanish conquistadors in question were only interested in getting as rich as they could as quickly as they could: this greed led directly to hundreds of thousands of deaths in the native population. To the conquistadors and settlers, the encomiendas were nothing less than their fair and just reward for the risks they had taken during the conquest. They saw the New Laws as the actions of an ungrateful king who, after all, had been sent 20% of Atahualpas ransom. Reading them today, the New Laws do not seem radical - they provide for basic human rights such as the right to be paid for work and the right to not be unreasonably taxed. The fact that the settlers rebelled, fought and died to fight the New Laws only shows how deeply they had sunk into greed and cruelty. Sources: Burkholder, Mark and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Fourth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970). Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Patterson, Thomas C. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State.New York: Berg Publishers, 1991.