Wednesday, October 30, 2019

IT Project problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Project problems - Essay Example The project was a good example of organizational problems leading to failures in IT projects. The key stakeholders were Deloitte and the state. Deloitte was to blame for the mishap due imminent organizational issues as will be discussed. There was lack of clear communication of what would be termed as the deliverable. In such a case, it was possible to deem the project as a success without much questioning. Krigman (2013) states that the Deloitte group simply understated the problems as â€Å"issues and challenges† and that the systems were in a working condition in other states. This was a technical lapse owing to the fact that the project at hand was actually cancelled, after the long time and expenses. Success in an IT project depends on a number of factors, which lie under the realm of the management. Amongst these are time, budget, value, quality, professionalism and satisfaction to the stakeholders. It is upon the project manager to ensure that these factors are met in order to deem a certain project as successful. In view of the case project, none of this was meant, meaning that the project was a critical failure. As part of the ten factor model of project implementation, management support is a crucial agent in distinguishing success from failure in projects. Project management is deemed to depend on the management for authority and direction and also as a channel for implementation of the goals and plans of the organization. The manner in which the management supports a project determines the degree to which the clients will accept e same project. Thus, top management support is a combination of the resources allocated for the project, as well as the support available when a crisis occurs. In order to successfully implement projects, the management should be strict in standard guidelines of the project lifecycle. After the concept is adopted, proper planning should ensure that all necessary requirements are put in place.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Mary Jones Case study Essay Example for Free

Mary Jones Case study Essay Coping styles can simply be defined as a person’s characteristics or strategies that are used in responding to various life problems and trauma. This can involve some thought, emotional or behaviors used by the affected individual to cope with such problems or circumstances. There are two broad types of copings styles, these are internalizing and externalizing coping style. Patients who â€Å"tend to locate the cause of their problems, even more than the resolution of the problems, within themselves† (Beutler Marnat, 2005 ) are consider to exercise internalizing coping styles. Patient that exhibit externalizing coping style tend to get angry more easily and blame all other people for their predicaments. They tend to enjoy social gatherings, active parties, and other activities that allow them to externalize their behaviors. Patient that exhibit Internalizing coping styles with disease condition tend to experience a very high level of distress and tend to make some self depressing comments about themselves. Such people may also show great capacity for insight. Internalizers also tend to withdraw from most social gatherings, prefer solitary environment and activities such as staying indoors, reading and listening to music. They want to do everything to reduce stimulation, reduce participating with other people in various social events and they also want to enjoy some relaxing event such as watching television. The aim of this paper is to objectively identify the causes of Mary Jones coping styles and help design adjustment plan which will integrate a strategy that will improve on herself image and worth , improve upon her present interpersonal relationship with people around her and her partner and also help her cope with the prognosis of the disease condition. It will also evaluate level of responses to her anxiety. Mary Jones In the case of Mary Jones, a 36 years old woman in a De Facto relationship and lawyer by profession with a medical history of ovarian cancer, unilateral ovariectomy, chemotherapy and ongoing task of coping with several situation and conditions such as adapting to loss of personal image and function, increase dependency, hospitalization, her partner’s need of children, fear, anxiety and anger. She tried to coping with those situations by externalizing her behavior and coping styles in the sense that she tend to blame others for her condition, punish and manipulate others, demand them to solve her problems, sole dependency with no sense of personal responsibility and resentment towards her partner. The major reasons for all these coping styles can be attributed to the psychological and emotional trauma that are associated with ovarian cancer, the changes in symptoms commonly seen in the condition and the increased anxiety level in regards to the prognosis of the disease state. Since we all experience and react to psychological and emotional trauma differently, Mary’s past experiences, relationship status, beliefs and the knowledge of signs and symptoms related to her condition all contribute to her present coping styles. She might have been so much concerned about the prognosis or the recurrence of the disease and the associated side effects of the medications. Since an ovary is needed to produce egg which will be fertilized by her partner’s sperm, now the ovary has been removed and there is higher tendency for the other ovary to have been affected and other parts of the body such as the lungs, the gastrointestinal tracts and kidney (Koushik Siemiatycki, 2009). Since the disease condition is associated with a very poor prognosis and actual removal of the ovary, which might result into infertility and inability to actually give birth to a child. This will affect her De Facto relationship because her partner wants children. Since there are several physical changes that are associated with chemotherapy and hospitalization, she might find it difficult to actually cope with all those changes both physically and her perception self. These changes will also affect her self esteem making her to act to actually prevent her from relating normally with her partner and her health care givers. Chemotherapy normally affects her sex life and also results in early menopause. Hence all these possibilities can lead to an increase in anxiety level which will subsequently affect her relationship with her partner. She might feel very tired hence depending on those people around her for help. Mary also needs to adjust to Pain, Fear and Anxiety associated with her condition, hence a need to change her present personality and behavior to the people around her and her partner. Her maladaptive coping styles actually cause more harm than good simply because she try externalizing her behavior by blaming and solely depending on her partner and health care provider whenever she needs help instead of helping herself out in those areas she still have the capacity to do so. Since there are no psychological or emotional intervention for helping her cope with her present condition, her negative behavioral modifications had hinder the development of good interpersonal relationship between her partner, care givers and her. Behavioral manifestations and their effects on Mary’s interpersonal relationship †¢ Blaming and punishing others for her problems- this coping strategy by Mary can be attributed to the psychological and emotional trauma associated with management of ovarian cancer. She’s actually trying to trying to transfer her feelings to the people around her by blaming them, making them feel they are somehow responsible for her predicament and also make them feel that they need to do something to help her. She might also try blaming others so as not to take the responsibility of her predicament or by trying to avoid the reality. This coping style will hinder the development of effective interpersonal relationship between Mary and the people around simply because the affected individual will get to a stage whereby they will not be able to cope with her actions hence they try withdrawing from helping her. †¢ Covertly punishing and manipulating others- this coping style or strategy is still within the context of her trying shifting her blame to others in the sense that she want to manipulate people around her to get what she want. This attitude will hinder the trust between her and people around. Trust is vital to development of an effective relationship, hence when she manipulate people she directly or indirectly affects her interpersonal relationship and also the treatment meant to be given to her. †¢ Demanding others solve her problems for her- demanding others to help solve her problem can something be good coping styles because patients in her situation will need the help of people around her so as be able to reduce the level of stress and anxiety associated with the condition. Excessive demand of people to solve her problems will have a negative effect on herself responsibility †¢ Resentment towards her partner believing he â€Å"does not understand†- Mary’s feeling of resentment can be attributed to her belief that her partner does not really understand what she’s going through presently simply because he still articulate his need for children. This feeling will affect her thoughts and perception of her De Facto relationship and subsequently increase her anxiety level. There is high possibility that the fear of her losing her partner will be the major factor leading her to such feeling towards her partner. Helping Mary cope with her present medical condition Helping Mary out of her present maladaptive coping style, require a multidisciplinary approach that will have to focus on the psychological, emotional, social, health and the interpersonal relationship aspect of her behavior. She will be referred to behavioral therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist, social workers and physician. the behavioral therapist will help identify the causes of the maladaptive behavior, measure the coping styles by the use of scales like Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory which is a software that can help measure and analyzed the coping styles (Frankel, 2009) or the use of direct questions in regards to her actions, thoughts, feelings, how she view her problems being caused by other people or external situations. The therapist intervention can then be focused on the result of the analysis which can either be towards the control of symptoms or insight (symptoms in the case of Mary). Psychologist will try and identify previous psychosocial and environmental factors leading to her present behavior and find ways of eliminating such predisposing factors. The psychologist will also try and adopt new viewpoint or set of behavior which will influences are interpersonal relationship and help her adjust to good coping styles. Some of the adaptive coping styles can be in form of knowing what to expect, maintaining a strong support system, let people help her, be proactive, taking time for herself, and setting reasonable goals. Social workers will try and invite the partner and educate both of them on the present condition so as to help her solve the issue of resentment towards the partner and also build trust between both of them. The physician will educate her on the prognosis of her condition, the fact that she might still bear children with other ovary and reassurance of good life after therapy. The physician will also educate her on the associated side effect of the chemotherapy and the facts that the side effect are only for some time and when properly manage, she can still live a good life with her partner. Strategies helping her partner and health care givers †¢ Patience- the partner and the health care givers should try and be patient with her so as not to take her present coping style against her. They should also try and understand her feelings in regards to her situation †¢ Encouragement- people in Mary’s situation need words of encouragement and support from the family members and health care giver. Her partner must ensure to always encourage her so as to create a sense of support which will ultimately affect the interpersonal relationship between both of them Responses to anxiety level Everybody has various degrees of responses to anxiety. These degree or level of response are mild, moderate, severe and the panic level. Mild and moderate level of responses to anxiety is still normal but in the case of severe and panic level, the individual is said to have anxiety disorders. In the case of Mary Jones her responses to anxiety level are as follows; cognitive or perpetual response at mild level by showing disorganized thought which tend to be uncontrollable. At the moderate response level, she tend to show uncomfortable experience by her interpersonal relationship while at the severe level of response she tend to show a response that can be attributed to a narrowed perpetual field and difficulty in problem solving, hence she tend to depend on her partner and health givers to solve all her problems. The last level of response was the panic level where she tends to show emotional or behavioral changes or responses by showing loss of control and feel angry and terrified and tend to be angry with her partner and care givers. Conclusion Considering Mary’s present health status and maladaptive coping strategies or styles, there is strong tendency for her status and coping style to change for better simply because of the various outlined interventions which would help her cope with life after ovariectomy and chemotherapy. Also some strategies that can help her partner and health givers cope with her present and the proposed coping styles have also been outlined. Besides, removing one ovary is not the end of her life, even women who have undergone bilateral ovariectomy can still have children with the help of advancement in technology. References Beutler, L. , Marnat. , (2005). â€Å"Integrative Assessment of Adult Personality†. Second Edition. Retrieved August 5, 2009 from http://books. google. com. gh/books? id=4puU3KqlEjcCpg=PA115lpg=PA115dq=externalizing+coping+stylessource=blots=K1V89eXR6asig=xRaYZ6xi4e_SB1zhpjSGF9j96Ishl=enei=lVV5SpXzKoSIMY7alaMOsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1#v=onepageq=externalizing%20coping%20stylesf=false

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Emily Dickinson: Life And Her Works :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinson: Life and Her Works Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America's most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicated writer. Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts on December 10,1830 to a prominent family, her father Edward Dickinson was both a lawyer and the Treasurer of Amherst College. Emily's mother was Emily Norcross Dickinson. Emily had one older brother, William Austin and a little sister, Lavinia. She was educated at the Amerherst Academy, the institute that her grandfather helped found. She also spent a year at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, but had left because she did not like the religious environment. For a woman of this time, this much education was very rare.1 Emily Dickinson was a very mysterious person as she got older she became more and more reclusive too the point that by her thirties, she would not leave her house and would withdraw from visitors. Emily was known to give fruit and treats to children by lowering them out her window in a basket with a rope to avoid actually seeing them face to face. She developed a reputation as a myth, because she was almost never seen and when people did catch a glimpse of her she was always wearing white. Emily Dickinson never got married but is thought to have had a relationship with Reverend Charles Wadsworth who she met in the spring of 1854 in Philadelphia. He was a famous preacher and was married. Many scholars believe that he was the subject of her love poems. Emily probably only saw Wadsworth an additional three times after their first encounter which was only done by him going to Amherst, where she lived. In 1861 Wadsworth moved to San Francisco. It is after this time that Emily really started to produce hundreds of poems. Emily Dickinson submitted very few poems to publishers. She felt that her poetry was not good enough to be read by everyone. Eight of her poems were published during her life time either by her friends who submitted them to a publisher without her consent or Emily Anonymously. (Emily Dickinson 1996,1) In 1862 she told a friend "If fame belonged to me I could not escape her...My Barefoot-Rank is better." It is also thought that Emily Dickinson had a passionate relationship with Susan Gilbert. Emily wrote three times more poems to Susan then to any one

Thursday, October 24, 2019

AussieBum Reflection Essay

AussieBum is an Australian male underwear and swimwear brand. The company is based in Sydney’s inner-west and has become one of Australia’s most sought after brands. Originally just a hobby for company founder Sean Ashby, AussieBum started in the corner of his living room. As time progressed and his brand became popular, operations moved out of his living room and expanded into a company warehouse. After being shunned by Australian retailers, the company moved online. Once word got out about the Australian surf-cultured underwear, the rest of the world became interested. AussieBum’s prime function is selling men’s underwear and swimwear to a target market of young men aged between 16 and 39. At this stage, AussieBum would be in the maturity stage of the Business Life Cycle because it has already expanded and grown to be a large company. At this stage it is focused on the selling of its products before renewing it’s brand. AussieBum have hit the mark with their marketing and brand strategy, which allows them to mature for longer. The company has a goal to turn over more than $20 million dollars in a year. AussieBum also wants to see more people wearing their products. AussieBum has a partnership as its ownership form. This is the best structure as it allows the company to be guided by two people rather than dictated by one. It also leaves the two leaders answerable to each other so that there is no misguided activities or ideas that are not regulated or thought through well enough. A major challenge was faced during the initial stages of the company. They were shunned by Australian retailers, which gave them no opportunity to launch their brand in stores. They reciprocated their downfall into success by launching a website which has enabled them to become a global company. The e-business approach was a positive move for AussieBum. Consumers purchase AussieBum’s products online from anywhere in the world, easily allowing the company to go global. Originally the e-business model as adapted so that the company could get their brand in the public eye without having a retailer carry it. AussieBum’s marketing strategy has been simple, but unique. There have been no television or radio advertisements; instead there have been several online campaigns to promote the company. In relation to the four P’s, they have always let their product do the marketing work. By having their products on show in the public eye, it has made the public aware of the brand. The prices are not as expensive as exclusive brands, but carry the same level of design and quality, making it an affordable alternative. By having their product in the right place, the product is promoting itself. The promotion of the business is mainly done in the online world. Photo-shoots are done with attractive, well-built Australian models in Australian environments e.g. Bondi Beach and used on their websites and other internet sites like Facebook and other social networks. I believe that AussieBum’s marketing strategy has been extremely successful. Their strategy proves the power of the consumer. They strategy has made their product highly desirable and sought after across the world. The increasingly higher popularity of the internet over the years would have helped their strategy to be successful. Sean Ashby can be considered an entrepreneur as he demonstrates qualities that are essential to their success. By being resilient and using initiative, Sean was able to re-group after being rejected by Australian retailers and use his initiative to start an online portal for his brand, eliminating the need for a retail outlet. He has also had the determination to be able to keep working on his company to bring it to the success levels that it is experiencing. I would suggest that the company attempt to move their brand into elusive Australian department stores e.g. Myer and David Jones to boost their profit. From reading the AussieBum article, I have learned to think outside the box and not to ‘stick to the status quo’. Sean Ashby has proved that there are more ways to make a retail brand successful than just selling it in stores. He also proved that there better ways to connect with the consumer than just advertising. AussieBum Mission Statement: AussieBum aims to bring a burst of energy and uniqueness to your underwear. We spice up what’s underneath. AussieBum will make you feel confident and proud to show what’s hiding. We want you to be excited about AussieBum shopping, and get excited to wear AussieBum.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight Loss Drug Essay

1. What is the decision-making process for Metabical? Who is involved? Metabical needs to decide whom to sell and what means to use in order to reach this group successfully. This decision has to be taken by Printup and her marketing team. The target market should be identified; first of all, the segmentation of the market needs to be done in order to analyze which segment of the market would be more attracted by this product. Besides surveyed people, physicians play a very important role. 2. How should Printup think about the segmentation of potential Metabical consumers? Who is the optimal target consumer? Printup should take into consideration the different goals individuals have towards losing weight, since not everyone have the same reason to lose weight, some are moved by the health risk and others just to look good. Furthermore, the willingness and ability to pay for the product should be considered to identify the optimal target market. After the data was studied, the optimal target consumer should be overweight women (25 to 30), ages 35 to 65, who are college educated since this group takes care more about their health and visit the doctor with frequency. 3. How should CSP identify and employ the differential advantages that Metabical offers to position itself in the marketplace? Since Metabical will be proven to have better results than any other product in the market along with less dangerous side effects, it will be easier to be differentiated from its competitors. It needs to be positioned as a quality product, backed up by the FDA. Then it would be perceived as a luxury type of product that will help individuals who struggle to lose weight to feel and look better. For a successful communication strategy, CSP has to focus on the individual and the physician, for the first group, a celebrity spokesperson should be used since they have power over the audience for being known and trusted. Furthermore, the message should highlight the importance of being healthy and having a better life.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Stephen Kumalo And James Jarvis

for James to read, and like Kumalo, he also begins to doubt himself as a father. Later in the book Kumalo arrives a James Jarvis’s house. He goes to find where Sibeko is. When Jarvis answers the door, he senses in Kumalo that something very sad has happened to him. He treats the suffering native with kindness and courtesy, something he wouldn’t have bothere... Free Essays on Stephen Kumalo And James Jarvis Free Essays on Stephen Kumalo And James Jarvis Two men, separated not only by race but also distance, come to share similar experiences in the classic novel â€Å"Cry, the Beloved Country†. The scene is South Africa and author Alan Paton depicts a story of its constant internal struggle between the whites and the blacks. Paton brings to light, not the difference between the races, but attempts to show equality among them. â€Å"The reader soon realizes it matters not a tinker’s dam what the color of their respective skins is.†(Schmitt 279). Stephen Kumalo, a Zulu priest, and James Jarvis, a wealthy plantation owner, are brought together by tragedy and exhibit similar traits and actions under the stress. This is done to easily draw distinction that the ethnic groups are very much the same and that they need to work together to save the country in which they live. The novels action begins with Stephen Kumalo, also referred to as umfundisi and his quest to find his lost family members. As he locates each one of them, he is stricken hard by what they have become. His sister, a prostitute, his son Absolom, an unwed father to be and future murderer, and his brother John, a corrupt politician, all strip away his innocence and test his morals. Stephen begins doubting himself as a father and a person. Not unlike Kumalo, James Jarvis is equally shaken emotionally. This comes as a death in the family, his son Arthur. More than the actual death itself, the writings of his son give insight about him and show a side James never knew Arthur had. Arthur states that his dad had not taught him anything. These are hard words for James to read, and like Kumalo, he also begins to doubt himself as a father. Later in the book Kumalo arrives a James Jarvis’s house. He goes to find where Sibeko is. When Jarvis answers the door, he senses in Kumalo that something very sad has happened to him. He treats the suffering native with kindness and courtesy, something he wouldn’t have bothere...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Dicrimination in the Workplace essays

Dicrimination in the Workplace essays Discrimination in the workplace This paper will talk about discrimination in the work place. There are many types of discrimination in the work place. There is racial, religious, age, disability and sexual. All of these will be covered in this paper. The reason I choose this topic is because when I looked around the room of my class I noticed that most of the students are minorities. As college students and aspiring leaders of tomorrow discrimination will play a major role in minorities lives as they look for employment or are employed with The first type of discrimination I would like to talk about today is racial discrimination. Unfortunately this is the most common kind of discrimination in our country. Chicagolegalnet.com says that It is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant because of the individuals national origin. No one can be denied equal employment opportunity because of birthplace, ancestry, culture, or linguistic characteristics common to a specific ethnic group. The next type of discrimination that I would like to talk about is religious discrimination. Since September 11, 2001 this type of discrimination has taken center stage with all businesses, for the well being of our Muslim people.Coorporate America is usually more sensitive to religious issues than any other. Thanks to laws passed by our U.S. government entitling people to freedom of religion. M.Staver says that In addition to accommodating ones religious belief an employer should not discriminate based upon ones religious belief. An employer should not make discriminatory rules, employment practices, or employment decisions that revolve around ones particular religious belief. Age discrimination is also a common practice in businesses these days. This problem is compounded by the fact that some employers are looking for younger ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System In the 1500s, Spain systematically conquered parts of North, Central and South America as well as the Caribbean. With native governments such as the efficient Inca Empire in ruins, the Spanish conquistadors  needed to find a way to rule their new subjects. The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with native communities. In exchange for native labor and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. In reality, however, the encomienda system was thinly-masked slavery and led to some of the worst horrors of the colonial era. The Encomienda System The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning to entrust. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests or colonial officials were given a repartimiento, or grant of land. These lands were often quite vast. The land included any native cities, towns, communities or families that lived there. The natives were supposed to provide tribute, in the form of gold or silver, crops, and foodstuffs, animals such as pigs or llamas or anything else the land produced. The natives could also be made to work for a certain amount of time, say on a sugarcane plantation or in a mine. In return, the owner, or encomendero, was responsible for the well-being of his subjects and was to see to it that they were converted and educated about Christianity. A Troublesome System The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in the newly-conquered territories, and the encomiendas were a quick-fix that killed both birds with one stone. The system essentially made landed nobility out of men whose only skills were murder, mayhem, and torture: the kings hesitated to set up a New World oligarchy which could later prove troublesome. It also swiftly led to abuses: encomenderos made unreasonable demands of the natives who lived on their lands, working them excessively or demanding tribute of crops that could not be grown on the land. These problems appeared quickly. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 natives and even on such a small scale, it wasn’t long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. Encomiendas in Peru In Peru, where encomiendas were granted on the ruins of the rich and mighty Inca Empire, the abuses soon reached epic proportions. The encomenderos there showed an inhuman indifference to the suffering of the families on their encomiendas. They did not change the quotas even when crops failed or disasters struck: many natives were forced to choose between fulfilling quotas and starving to death or failing to meet quotas and facing the often-lethal punishment of the overseers. Men and women were forced to work in mines for weeks at a time, often by candlelight in deep shafts. The mercury mines were particularly lethal. During the first years of the colonial era, Peruvian natives died by the hundreds of thousands. Administration of the Encomiendas The owners of the encomiendas were not supposed to ever visit the encomienda lands: this was supposed to cut down on abuses. The natives instead brought the tribute to wherever the owner happened to be, generally in the larger cities. The natives were often forced to walk for days with heavy loads to be delivered to their encomendero. The lands were run by cruel overseers and native chieftains who often demanded extra tribute themselves, making the lives of the natives even more miserable. Priests were supposed to live on the encomienda lands, instructing the natives in Catholicism, and often these men became defenders of the people they taught, but just as often they committed abuses of their own, living with native women or demanding tribute of their own. The Reformers While the conquistadors were wringing every last speck of gold from their miserable subjects, the ghastly reports of abuses piled up in Spain. The Spanish crown was in a tough spot: the royal fifth, or 20% tax on conquests and mining in the New World, was fueling the expansion of the Spanish Empire. On the other hand, the crown had made it quite clear that the Indians were not slaves but Spanish subjects with certain rights, which were being flagrant, systematically and horrifically violated. Reformers such as Bartolomà © de las Casas were predicting everything from the complete depopulation of the Americas to the eternal damnation of everyone involved in the whole sordid enterprise. In 1542, Charles V of Spain finally listened to them and passed the so-called New Laws. The New Laws The New Laws were a series of royal ordinances designed to halt the abuses of the encomienda system, particularly in Peru. Natives were to have their rights as citizens of Spain and could not be forced to work if they did not want to. Reasonable tribute could be collected, but any additional work was to be paid for. Existing encomiendas would pass to the crown upon the death of the encomendero, and no new encomiendas were to be granted. Furthermore, anyone who abused natives or who had participated in the conquistador civil wars could lose their encomiendas. The king approved the laws and sent a Viceroy, Blasco Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, to Lima with clear orders to enforce them. Rebellion The colonial elite was livid with rage when the provisions of the New Laws became known. The encomenderos had lobbied for years for the encomiendas to be made permanent and passable from one generation to another, something the King had always resisted. The New Laws removed all hope of perpetuity being granted. In Peru, most of the settlers had taken part in the conquistador civil wars and could, therefore, lose their encomiendas immediately. The settlers rallied around Gonzalo Pizarro, one of the leaders of the original conquest of the Inca Empire and brother of Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez, who was killed in battle, and basically ruled Peru for two years before another royalist army defeated him; Pizarro was captured and executed. A few years later, the second rebellion under Francisco Hernndez Girà ³n took place and was also put down. End of the Encomienda System The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. Gonzalo Pizarros supporters had urged him to declare himself King of Peru, but he refused: had he done so, Peru might have successfully split from Spain 300 years early. Charles V felt it prudent to suspend or repeal the most hated aspects of the New Laws. The Spanish crown still steadfastly refused to grant encomiendas in perpetuity, however, so slowly these lands reverted to the crown. Some of the encomenderos managed to secure title-deeds to certain lands: unlike the encomiendas, these could be passed down from one generation to the next. Those families that held land would eventually become the native oligarchy. Once the encomiendas reverted to the crown, they were overseen by corregidores, royal agents who administered crown holdings. These men proved to be every bit as bad as the encomenderos had been: corregidores were appointed for relatively brief periods, so they tended to squeeze as much as they could out of a particular holding while they could. In other words, although the encomiendas were phased out eventually by the crown, the lot of the native workers did not improve. The encomienda system was one of the many horrors inflicted on the native people of the New World during the conquest and colonial eras. It was essentially slavery, given but a thin (and illusory) veneer of respectability for the Catholic education that it implied. It legally allowed the Spaniards to work the natives literally to death in the fields and mines. It seems counter-productive to kill off your own workers, but the Spanish conquistadors in question were only interested in getting as rich as they could as quickly as they could: this greed led directly to hundreds of thousands of deaths in the native population. To the conquistadors and settlers, the encomiendas were nothing less than their fair and just reward for the risks they had taken during the conquest. They saw the New Laws as the actions of an ungrateful king who, after all, had been sent 20% of Atahualpas ransom. Reading them today, the New Laws do not seem radical - they provide for basic human rights such as the right to be paid for work and the right to not be unreasonably taxed. The fact that the settlers rebelled, fought and died to fight the New Laws only shows how deeply they had sunk into greed and cruelty. Sources: Burkholder, Mark and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Fourth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970). Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Patterson, Thomas C. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State.New York: Berg Publishers, 1991.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Five Forces Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Five Forces Model - Essay Example s are powerful, they can exert pressure on the producing industry such as setting very high prices for the raw materials so as to capture some of the industry’s profits. Pines, 2006 in the Journal of emergency medicine asserts that the suppliers enjoy their power if there is credible forward integration. A good example of this is Baxter International which is a big manufacturer of hospital supplies where it acquired American Hospital supply, a distributor. In doing so, the company gained a lot of bargaining power, and consequently set higher prices for the supplies to maximise on the profit. Suppliers offering differentiated products such as pharmaceutical companies offering patented drugs with distinctive medical benefits have power over hospitals and health maintenance organisations as well as other drug buyer companies offering generics. When there are only a few suppliers available in an industry, their bargaining power is higher as they take advantage so as to increase their profits. Scholars have cited that suppliers may gain power when there is a significant cost involved to change suppliers. A good example is the relationship between Microso ft and the PC manufacturers. Microsoft’s near monopoly in the operating system increases its supplier bargaining power. However, the supplier bargaining power may be weak in the case of many competitive suppliers, for example the tire manufacturing companies in America, the prices become standardized (Roy, 2006). The suppliers also lose power when there is only a little switching cost to another supplier or the when the industries being supplied with the raw materials threaten to integrate backward producing the industries product if the suppliers are too profitable. The five forces therefore reveal if the industry is profitable and help investors anticipate positive and negative shifts. Clarke, P. (January 01, 1999). Porters Five Forces Model: A Methodological Critique- or the Importance of Methodology in the

1. What is meant by 'value' and how it is different from 'principle' Assignment

1. What is meant by 'value' and how it is different from 'principle' 2. Plan on how you will enhance your 'interpersonal skills' - Assignment Example Interpersonal skills generate effective channels in the external environment of a given individual. Developing interpersonal skills requires building rigid relationships between family members, neighbors and workers. This process entails reciprocating favors, appreciating existing relationship within given environments (Wright, 2007). Ethical behavior dictates individual position within a society. Team unity originates from reliable ethical behavior and professionalism. Various organizations demand various levels of interpersonal relations. Identifying personal goals builds focus on decisive directions for an individual or group. Empathy is a virtue that promotes interpersonal skills and depicts equality and generosity. Personal ethics require a routine regulation to improve interpersonal skills. This development mandates an assessment of individual ethics. As such integrity plays a significant role towards developing behavior and character. Developing exceptional character entails evaluating individual deeds based on the effect on other people’s lives. Conflict resolution is an indicator of developing interpersonal skills. Rendtorff, J. D. (2010). Power And Principle In The Market Place On Ethics And Economics. Farnham, Surrey, England, Ashgate.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Preferred Learning styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preferred Learning styles - Essay Example This study was based on descriptive study. Quantitative data was collected from the closed ended questionnaires where the number of students were tallied and presented in a table form. The findings of the study showed that there is no perfect learning style as they have some fault. The study thus recommends that the learning institutes should recommend the best learning style based on the personal traits of the individual. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction This report focused on analyzing learning style in the learning process. The study focused on analyzing how the learning styles in a classroom set up is influenced by the gender or sex of the students. The study also focused on how the extroverts react to learning styles in a classroom set up. More so, this study focused on how social aspects of the students influence the learning styles. This report focused its premises on the Honey & Mumford learning style in its theoretical framework. In the independent variable, the study had the le arner’s gender and characteristics. 1.2 Literature review This reports based its arguments on the recent literature reviews. The literature in this scope of study shows how learning style concepts have been accepted. It is alleged that several studies that have proved that learning styles area true measure of students’ self evaluation (Rosenberg, 2009) though there is a disagreement on the best way of measuring the various learning styles. It is also alleged that there are several researches that have been done on learning styles but most researchers have not agreed on the importance of designing learning programs (Hall, 2009). In addition, Coffield et al (2004) concludes that provision of correct learning strategies, contexts and methods is better as compared to matching individual student preferences. Marzano (1988) posits that tactile and graphic presentation of subject matter produced noticeable effects the outcomes of learning regardless of attempts to match the g raphic and tactile methods with learners’ modalities. In a recent by Baker (2002), visual studies were quite advantageous among all adults despite the rate of learning style with preference to the visual images. It was also advantageous for learners with strong preferences in the verbal process. According to Merrill (2000), instructional strategies should be determined first by focusing on the goals of the instructions and the learners’ learning preferences and styles are used to adjust the fundamental learning strategies. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Research methodology The descriptive research design was used in this study. Hypotheses were set and later test made on the participants. The study was conducted in a workshop and follow up activities in the classroom set up. The study involved one classroom and all the students were participants in this study. Questionnaires were administered and the responses were analyzed in a table form. The test score for the various theories was analyzed in a table. The questions were aimed at critically analyzing the self evaluation of the respondents by determining the learners’ style. There was no time limit to this questionnaire. The accuracy of the results depended on how honest you were. There was no right or wrong answers. If you agreed more than you disagreed with a statement, you had to put a tick next to it. If you disagreed more than you agreed a cross was put beside it. 2.2 Participants The research participants were students in a classroom set up.

Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Information System - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that because of the security weaknesses in the information system, there lies a question about the quality of information used in professional studies. This is potent enough to cripple the organizational assets and degrade the reputation or image of the agency. Consequently, this leads to major economic losses. On the one hand, patients would only normally lose confidence or trust in the agency. In extreme cases, those who are especially emotionally unstable may experience severe physical and/or moral injuries which could lead to death. The HIPPA dictates that professionals in the field of health care must protect any pertinent health information, giving due respect to patients and his/her direct kins and relatives. Therefore, they are prohibited to disclose any information outside their line of duty for this kind of disclosure is not merely unethical, but it is both unlawful and unprofessional. However, even without the code of law, as an individual entru sted with sensitive information and in the right mind, this becomes an automatic moral obligation as a person in a value-driven society. Â  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Modern Organizations and Accounting System Research Paper

Modern Organizations and Accounting System - Research Paper Example It is vital because it systematizes the whole process. Without having proper accounting system, it is impossible to run business either small or big. Every type of organization needs to have check and balance on their financial statements (Eisen, 2000). One thing that should be clearly mentioned here is that the modernized accounting system has not changed the business purpose and principles but it has only changed the mechanism. In other words, it could be said that the method of performing accounting functions have become more advantageous. Early accounting reports have shown major errors in calculations and illegal actions by the practitioners. It is due to this reason that the need of modernized and computerized accounting system arose. Earlier, great loses of money and reputation of the organizations was noted because of lack of accounting systems (Eisen, 2000). In addition, it affected economies of countries as in whole. Modernized Accounting System and Change in Organizations: In order to understand the difference in modern organizations that has taken place because of advanced accounting system we need to compare current accounting system with the old one. ... In addition, it has been noticed that it is very difficult to maintain records safely because of greater man made errors or mistakes. Secondly, if files of records or data are lost than in such circumstances, businesses have to suffer from loss or face penalties (Previts, 2006). Therefore, the need of establishing newer accounting method was felt by accountants and other professionals at business to have alternative methods of dealing with numbers and financial statistics of the organization. Modern technology has played an important role in keeping records of numbers, in generating different methods of solving mathematical equations in more accurate and efficient way. Modernized systems were predicted to have a profound effect on the working of organizations as it helped in efficient work process (Merlene, 2010). Introduction to advanced technology and the use of modernized system in the department of accounts has brought tremendous change in the mechanism of accounting procedures. First and foremost, prominent change that has been observed is that modern technology has quickened the working process for accounting functions and capital consumption. It has made availability of financial information much faster and easier, understanding the use of information in proper way with the use of modern technology has made it straightforward for the business people to make good and beneficial decisions on correct time to increase productivity (Merlene, 2010). Now reports are generated just by clicking few buttons instead of wasting more time on preparing reports manually. Similarly, paying high wages to employees companies are currently using centralized controlled

Common Scientific MythConceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Common Scientific MythConceptions - Essay Example The gravitational forces attract the said particles with lower gravitational forces than that of the black hole. Black holes are compressed objects more dense than the particles that come into contact with it that gives them a stronger gravitational pull. Black holes create deep wells in space such that it causes distortions and curves that trap elements with no enough energy to climb back out including light. The name originated from its nature and ability to trap light rays (Orwig, n.p). A black hole only accretes material with little angular momentum. The accretion disks around the black holes make the matter close to them and with low gravitational spiral pull. The spiral effect makes the atmosphere very hot and can slow the progress or alter the cooling effect of the stars (Cornell.edu, n.p). The stronger gravitational pull attracts lesser dense particles to its surface subsequently increasing its radius and reduces the black hole’s gravitational pull (Spekkens, n.p). Cornell.edu. "Is There Any Limitation to What a Black Hole Can "suck" In? (Intermediate)† Ask an Astronomer. Astronomy Department at Cornell University, 2015. Web. 18 June 2015. . Hamilton, Kristy. "52 Of the Most Common Myths and Misconceptions Debunked in One Infographic." IFLScience. IFL Science, 10 Nov. 2014. Web. 18 June 2015. . Orwig, Jessica. "10 Mind-Blowing Facts about Black Holes." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc., 19 Oct. 2014. Web. 18 June 2015. . Spekkens, Kristine. "Why Doesnt Dark Matter Fall into a Black Hole? (Advanced)." Ask an Astronomer. Astronomy Department at Cornell University, 2015. Web. 18 June 2015.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Modern Organizations and Accounting System Research Paper

Modern Organizations and Accounting System - Research Paper Example It is vital because it systematizes the whole process. Without having proper accounting system, it is impossible to run business either small or big. Every type of organization needs to have check and balance on their financial statements (Eisen, 2000). One thing that should be clearly mentioned here is that the modernized accounting system has not changed the business purpose and principles but it has only changed the mechanism. In other words, it could be said that the method of performing accounting functions have become more advantageous. Early accounting reports have shown major errors in calculations and illegal actions by the practitioners. It is due to this reason that the need of modernized and computerized accounting system arose. Earlier, great loses of money and reputation of the organizations was noted because of lack of accounting systems (Eisen, 2000). In addition, it affected economies of countries as in whole. Modernized Accounting System and Change in Organizations: In order to understand the difference in modern organizations that has taken place because of advanced accounting system we need to compare current accounting system with the old one. ... In addition, it has been noticed that it is very difficult to maintain records safely because of greater man made errors or mistakes. Secondly, if files of records or data are lost than in such circumstances, businesses have to suffer from loss or face penalties (Previts, 2006). Therefore, the need of establishing newer accounting method was felt by accountants and other professionals at business to have alternative methods of dealing with numbers and financial statistics of the organization. Modern technology has played an important role in keeping records of numbers, in generating different methods of solving mathematical equations in more accurate and efficient way. Modernized systems were predicted to have a profound effect on the working of organizations as it helped in efficient work process (Merlene, 2010). Introduction to advanced technology and the use of modernized system in the department of accounts has brought tremendous change in the mechanism of accounting procedures. First and foremost, prominent change that has been observed is that modern technology has quickened the working process for accounting functions and capital consumption. It has made availability of financial information much faster and easier, understanding the use of information in proper way with the use of modern technology has made it straightforward for the business people to make good and beneficial decisions on correct time to increase productivity (Merlene, 2010). Now reports are generated just by clicking few buttons instead of wasting more time on preparing reports manually. Similarly, paying high wages to employees companies are currently using centralized controlled

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Customer Focus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer Focus - Assignment Example Second, failure to focus on customers may be caused by poor marketing segmentation. Proper market segmentation highlights the needs of each customer and enables organizations to focus on those specific needs (Fader, 2012). Customer-focus, therefore, is impossible in instances characterized by poor market segmentation. Third, poor approaches to data mining limits the possibility of meeting customer needs. Inaccurate data affects the effectiveness of market segmentation, constraining the possibility of customer focus. The fourth cause of failure in customer focus is poor product development. Product development should focus on specific customer requirements and aim at meeting those wants at no extra cost (Fader, 2012). Organizations fail in customer focus if new product development does not take into account market trends, competitors’ actions, and user-requirements. Serving internal and external customers are similar because both need quality services and must access these services for them to continue fair dealings with the organization. However, external customers can easily give up from the organization if they do not receive excellent treatment. Internal customers may sometimes bear with the speed of operation of internal employees. Inspiring customer trust requires effective service delivery; therefore, individuals and organizations should ensure customer focus all the time by avoiding acting in ways that constrain the ability to focus on

Monday, October 14, 2019

The Governments’ Responsibility Essay Example for Free

The Governments’ Responsibility Essay Whether or not rich countries should help poor nations by providing food and education has long been an issue. Others go against such act of charity arguing that it is the poor countries’ governments’ full responsibility. I say, charity is good, but governments should not rely on it. Rich countries like Japan, Australia and the United States (to name a few) have been sending volunteers to aid poor and developing countries like the Philippines. Indeed, they have done much to improve the lives of the people in these countries. However, eventually, the governments of these countries tend to pass on the responsibility of taking their citizens’ welfare into the hands of the wealthy. Somehow, they forget that it is their task to uplift the lives of their people. And, rich countries are not required, whatsoever, to lend assistance. However true this may be, human nature still rules. Because we are not made to live by ourselves, we reach out to our less fortunate brothers and sisters. This is made even more possible through the United Nations Organization which brings every nation, rich or poor, closer. Through the UNO, rich countries send assistance to poor and developing countries by sending basic needs such as food, clothing and education. True enough, economic conditions of benefiting countries have alleviated. Nevertheless, the effort should not be one-sided. National governments should always see first-hand the welfare of their people. Seeking for aide should not always be the option. For the betterment of the nation, governments should inspire the people to help themselves by providing employment opportunities for basic needs to be met. The government should come up with programs to provide free education, so that their sense of pride would boost up, thus, motivating them to improve their lives with the government’s assistance. To sum it up, it is basically the governments’ responsibility to bring about progress in their nation through their citizens. Wealthy nations are not and should not be required to share their wealth. Charity is an act of love, not an obligation. We can’t just rely on aides for the rest of our lives, can we?

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Ue of Diet pills among adolescent girls Essay -- essays research p

The Use of Diet Pills among Adolescent Girls Dieting is a common occurrence in our country, but dieting is most common among adolescent girls. Since millions of Americans try to lose weight every year, many of them turn to weight-loss pills for help (MFMER 2004). Dieting may place the risk of using unhealthy weight control behaviors such as diet pills (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). A study by the CDC showed that 10.9 percent of adolescent girls use diet pills as their weight-loss strategy (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). The study showed that 10.9 percent of adolescent girls use diet pills as their weight-loss strategy (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). The quest for weight loss and the use of this weight-loss strategy is thought to be an unhealthy weight behavior that is led from the consumer world (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). The appeal of losing weight quickly is often too hard to pass up (MFMER 2004). During early adolescence, the onset of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and other problem weight loss behavior occurs (Garry, Morrissey, and Whetstone 2002). In a weight-centered approach to health, thinness is viewed as a crucial goal for optimum health, and thus one to be strived by all, including starting at an early age (Cogan 1999). As much as 40 percent to 70 percent of the US population is trying to lose weight at any given time, with young women being the most likely to be struggling with their weight (Cogan 1999). According to the Center for disease control, 59.4 percent of adolescent girls report trying to lose weight in the past 30 days (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). Studies of middle school students have reported that between 30 percent and 55 percent have dieted at some time (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). Also a recent review in 2004 indicated that 41 to 66 percent of teenage girls have attempted the use of a weight loss strategy to achieve their goal (Dieting 2004). About one third of normal dieter’s progress to other problem dieting behaviors using tactics such as diet pills (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Perry 2004). The use of diet pills to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight was reported by 7.1 percent of students in a study conducted 5,770 students (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztaine... ...and their weight, helping them find healthy alternatives to weight loss and providing them with nutritional guidance can be achieved to avoid diet pill use. References: Cogan, Jeanine (1999). Dieting, Weight, and Health: Reconceptualizing Research and Policy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Social Issues, 55(2), pp187-205. Dieting in Adolescence. Pediatrics and Child Health, 9 (7), p487 – 491. Eisenberg, M. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., and C. Perry (2004). The Role of Social Norms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and Friends’ influences on Unhealthy Weight-control Behaviors among Adolescent Girls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Science and Medicine, 60(6), p1165-1173. Garry, J., Morrissey, S., and L.Whetstone (2002). Substance Use and Weight Loss Tactics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  among Middle School Youth. International Journal of Eating Disorders. MFMER:Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (2004). Over-the-Counter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  weight-loss Products. MMFER. National Institute of Health (2004). Physical Activity and Weight Control. National Institute of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

A Child Called It By Dave Pelzer :: essays research papers

A Child Called â€Å"It† 1. In the book, the father tries to help the son in the beginning but then throughout the book he stops trying to help and listens to the mother. If I had been in this same situation, I would have helped get the child away from his mother because nobody should have to live like that. The father was tired of having to watch his son get abused so eventually he just left and didn’t do anything. David thought that his father would help him but he did not. 2. When David, was stabbed he went to his father for help. His father just told him to go back and to do the dishwasher. Father said that he would not tell David’s mother that he told but he should get back to work. 3. The abuse that I thought was the most difficult was the gas chamber. He had to sit in the bathroom with the ammonia and it was really hard for him to breathe. The only reason he survived was because there was a vent in the bathroom. I think that I could have also survived this because I am good at getting myself out of bad situations. I can think quickly. 4. I think I probably would have given up when the mother stabbed me. I think it would have been too painful for me to care anymore. I would have suffered too much. 5. I think that the difference between 30 years ago and now is that it could be stopped now. David could have been taken from his mother to live somewhere else because she was not a fit parent. He could have lived with his father. 6. I think that his mother just randomly decided to abuse David. Since she was an alcoholic she did not always realize what she was doing to him. She also probably didn’t want to do all the things around the house and thought it was too much to do so she had David do all the chores. She punished him by doing dreadful things. 7. When the mother wanted David to lye on the stove and burn, David decided to see if he could trick her. He watched the clock and decided to see how long he could keep her from making him get on the stove until his brothers got home. He succeeded and from then on he decided that he would not give up and he would always try to outsmart his mother.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Institutional Discrimination Essay

Sociologists often follow (Merton 1972, p. 20) in defining discrimination as the treatment of a functionally relevant status (such as race or sex) as relevant for the distribution of some reward or penalty. While legal standards of discrimination have changed since the passage of Title VII (Blumrosem, 1993, p. 110), legal scholars theoretically concur that discrimination involves the desperate treatment of similarly situated individuals because of their sex, race, color, national origin, religion or some other protected characteristics (Belz 1991; Blumrosen 1993, p 50). Diversity is defined as real or perceived difference among people that affect their interactions and relationships. (Bell, 2007). Knowing how to deal professionally with racism and racial discrimination in the workplace is important in managing the situation quickly and effectively and with the least upset possible. In the fiscal year 1997-2008, the United States EEOC received 28,372 charges of sex discrimination. EEOC resolved 24,018 sex discrimination charges in FY 2008 and recovered $109. million in monetary benefits for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals (not including monetary benefits obtained through litigation). Causes: Sexism, gender and racial discrimination are more common in the patriarchal societies. The term patriarchy refers to a society where men are granted the majority of social and political power. When thought of in this way, the cause of gender or racial discrimination has to do with unequal power where men and people of a particular race are granted more power than others. Institutional discrimination begins with recruitment process. Most jobs, especially the better ones, are not openly advertised. Knowledge of their existence is usually limited to friends and colleagues of those in power in the institutions, and in turn their friends and associates. Much institutional discrimination results from judgments made on secondary rather than primary characteristics such as educational background employment history, supervisory experience, age, income, etc. Misconceptions about employment experiences of women of color, particularly black women abound. Black women are often stereotyped as being unwilling to work, preferring nstead to use welfare to support her children (Bell 2007). Consequences: Cost associated with doing a poor job by not integrating workers from different background and gender could be very high. Organizations that do not value diversity reduce employee relations and also increase the cost of staff turnover. Costs associated with turnover include exit interviews, lost productivity while positions are unfilled and recruiting cost for replacement of employees. Cox, T. , & Blake, S. (1991). Talked about non-resourceful acquisition. Cox and Blake describe an organization’s ability to attract and retain employees from different backgrounds as resource acquisition. Employees from diverse backgrounds may include women, people of color, older workers, workers with disabilities and minorities, therefore organizations who do not have diverse workers are not resourceful in acquiring employees. An organization that does not value diversity lacks creativity and problem solving capability. Organizations composed of the same group of people, with same background would lack creativity and the problem solving ability of these competitive business environments. Research indicates that groups composed of people from different backgrounds bring with them different experiences that result in greater creativity and problem solving ability. These abilities stem from different life experiences, language abilities, and education that groups composed of different members have. An organization that discriminates or does not appreciate diversity in the workplace lacks system flexibility. System flexibility is the final way that Cox and Blake proposed that valuing diversity provides organizations with a competitive advantage. They argue that women have a higher tolerance for ambiguity than men. Tolerance for ambiguity is associated with cognitive complexity and success in uncertain situations. Other researchers have pointed out women’s ability to† multitask,† successfully handling multiple tasks concurrently. Organizations that discriminate against women therefore lack the flexibility and thus poor turnover. Due to amount of media attention focusing on lawsuits and damage settlements, an organization that discriminates in hiring employees from different ethnic groups and cultures might be at risk for law suits. Firstly to find solution to discrimination one has to be aware of one’s own stereotypes and biases, making conscious efforts to challenge and address them. Evaluation of current system of recruitment and promotion in the workplace is also very important. The current system of recruitment and promotion in a workplace needs to be examined and evaluated. Occupational hierarchies need to be examined both to determine the actual content of jobs and to remove barriers to mobility built into such hierarchies which serve to discriminate (Jo Freeman 1970). Not only are efforts to recruit and hire people from diverse backgrounds important, efforts to ensure that they are treated fairly after employment are also critical to successful diversity programs. Managers and professionals should be made to understand the importance of diversity in the workplace. The benefits of diversity is not farfetched, if an organization develops a reputation for valuing all types of employees, it would become known as an employer of choice, increasing its ability to attract and retain workers from a variety of backgrounds. Valuing diversity can also benefit organizations in the areas of cost, resource acquisition, marketing, creativity, and problem solving and system flexibility. As a manager or supervisor that is hiring in an organization, pay particular attention to relevant information and ignore irrelevant, race-based stereotypes. This will help to eliminate what is not necessary and help to focus on necessity. Applying sanctions for violation of anti-discriminatory norms by employers is very important to stop discrimination in workplaces. Title VII of the civil right act of 1964 (Title VII) prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Federal and state law has expanded the rights afforded employees, giving them greater opportunities to bring claim against employer. The 1991 civil rights act specifically permits both punitive and compensatory damages for most type of discrimination and grants the right to a jury trial for such claim. I will also advice employees if they have suffered an insult, an injury, or a wrong at work to go slowly. Decide what you want to gain. If an apology from your employer would suffice, save yourself the time and expense of filling a legal action. Finally in light of societal changes, responsible managers and professionals at all levels should acknowledge the need to reassess the influence of culture and diversity on achieving expected organizational outcome. The deliberate attempt to discover and apply the positive benefits of cultural variation promotes respect and a celebration of the value of diversity, whereas perpetuating prejudice fosters narrow-mindedness and contempt.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

American Vegetarianism How It Became a Subculture?

How it became a subculture? American vegetarianism has existed for more than 200 years and the American Vegan Society was founded February 1960, in Malaga New Jersey. Throughout recorded history there have been individuals and groups teaching the complete non-use of animal-source food and clothing. The practice of this lifestyle achieved varying degrees of success, and some failures. Veganism was defined and the first Vegan Society formed in 1944 in England. This society was to become the inspiration for others to follow. In the U. S. , Dr. Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz formed a Vegan Society in California (1948 to 1960). When H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (1960), it became a dynamic force spreading the vegan message at a propitious time in world history. Highlights of the American Vegan Society's early activities were: a Coast to Coast Crusade across the U. S. and into Canada 1961, North Atlantic Lecture Tour (Iceland, Britain, Europe) 1965, Round the World Lecture Tour 1967 and 1968. The society's magazine was published under the title Ahimsa 1960 to 2000. In 2001 the name was changed to American Vegan and is quarterly. American Vegan Society Annual Conventions have been held in New Jersey and other states, including New York, Colorado, California, Oregon, and Washington. In 1995 American Vegan Society hosted the 8th International Vegan Festival in San Diego California. Local and regional vegetarian societies have shared responsibilities for some of these events. These conventions have provided a valuable forum. Since 1989 videos of convention proceedings have taken the vegan message into living rooms across the USA, and a few years later, around the world. Since 1969 American Vegan Society has held educational programs, including cooking classes, at its Malaga New Jersey headquarters. The present day vegan community in the U. S. involves many individuals and organizations. Besides the American Vegan Society, there are Gentle World, Vegan Outreach, Vegan Action, and vegan. com. A vegan diet is promoted by other organizations such as Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, the National Health Association and Institute for Plant Based Nutrition. Increasingly, animal rights organizations, anti-vivisection societies, and farm animal reform and rescue groups have advocated the compassionate vegan lifestyle. Vegetarian Resource Group has provided an abundance of vegan information since the mid 1980s. Of strategic importance were health studies done on vegans in England, and in the U. S. on vegans within the Seventh Day Adventist Church, and at The Farm, Summertown Tennessee. They proved the adequacy and advantages of the diet that, combined with growth of nutritional knowledge, helped others to avoid potential pitfalls. Very helpful also were the experiences of U. S. followers of Dr. Herbert M. Shelton and others in their rediscovery of ancient truths about human health. A history of veganism would not be complete without commenting on the health food stores (many run by Seventh Day Adventists) that have sustained vegans with foods outside the mainstream through the years. There is also an increasing number of food products now available that have added the convenience factor needed to persuade increasing numbers of people to go vegan.

Historical Origins of Social Work Essay

Essay: In what ways do the historical origins of social work influence the current profession in Ireland? In order to provide an in-depth discussion on how the historical origins of social work have influenced the current nature of the profession in Ireland, it is important for me to provide a specific understanding of what the term denotes. Defined by Smale, Tuson and Statham (2000; 5), ‘social work is about the interventions made to change social situations so that people who need support or are at risk can have their needs met more appropriately than if no intervention were made’. Morales and Sheafor (1977) state that ‘professional social workers are dedicated to service for the welfare and self-realisation of human beings; to the disciplined use of scientific knowledge regarding human and societal behaviour, to the development of resources to meet individual, group, national and international needs and aspirations; and to the achievement of social justiceâ€⠄¢. Many individuals, other than field social workers and including all those who work in residential, day care and domiciliary care, otherwise known as social care or care workers are all involved in different types of social work. The Emergence of Social Work According to Sheldon and Macdonald (2009, p.19), ‘the term ‘social work’ was first used in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century’. During this era, people practiced social work in an attempt to establish more realistic ways of overcoming social distress as opposed to relying on traditional forms of charity work and philanthropy. Skehill (1999) and Darling (1972) state that Irish social work shares many traditional aspirations of social work elsewhere, such as in Britain and Finland and has been influenced by such countries. However, it is also shaped by the particular nature of Ireland’s society and by key political processes within the country over the past centuries. Albeit Ireland ‘industrialising’ at a different rate in comparison to England and elsewhere, key features of modern society such as: the growth in expert knowledge in relation to individuals and the family, the emanation of new expert professionals and the emergence of a liberal form of government do appear to have had an impact on shaping Irish social work (Skehill, 1999). Earlier forms of social work in Ireland evolved from religious motives which included the giving of alms and the giving of service. Skehill (1999) highlights that the relationship between the  religious bodies and their concern with the provision of charitable relief is of great importance, with the rivalry between Catholic and Protestant charities being the most significant aspect of the religious base of charities in the 19th century. Down through the years, Ireland has been a place where individuals have been ‘inspired by a sense of vocation and largely guided by intuition’ (Darling, 1972; 24). Such individuals have endeavoured to alleviate the pain and suffering of the casualties within our society. An example of such heroic bodies in Ireland includes ‘Mary Aikenhead, daughter of a Cork doctor and founder of the Order of Irish Sisters of Charity, who began prison visiting in Dublin 1821’ (Darling, 1972; 24). The 19th century is ‘characterised by a whole plethora of charitable activities relating to education, health and welfare’ (Skehill, 1990). In England, social work began with the identification, categorisation and organisation of various charities, which is most evident in the work of the Charitable Organisation Society. The COS evolved in 1869 and was primarily known as the Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity. This charitable body had a specific aim of attempting to address the disconnectedness between philanthropic organisations and bring these bodies together under some coherent umbrella (Skehill, 199). Over the same period of time (19th century), no such major body for social work existed in Ireland, however at the beginning of the 20th century the Irish state saw an attempt to standardise charity within the country. Notably, the nature of social work in Ireland is highlighted by the ‘link between philanthropy and its broader cultural and political discursive field, the relations between religion and charity, the gendered nature of practices, and the individualistic approach to soc ial problems’ (Skehill, 1990). Although, social work progressed to a greater extent in the 20th century, one could argue that some of the most defining characteristics of its current shape in society could be accredited to its earlier presence in the 19th century (Skehill, 1990). For example, social work in Ireland continues to be a practice that is primarily interested in assisting the less well off in society, with families and children being a key target for social work intervention and practice remaining individualistic. Also, the profession has continued to function traditionally based on caring for and overlooking the clients of its service (Skehill, 1990). Because of this, it  is important to look at certain aspects of philanthropy in 19th century Ireland in order to explore the charitable works’ contribution to the present day social work strategy (Skehill, 1990). Although social work began to emerge in the 19th century, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that a coherent strategy o f social work developed (Skehill, 1990). What is significant about social work in the early 20th century is that it continued to be characterised by continuities in voluntary charity work and developed towards a more ‘strategic and structured practice of professional social work’ (Skehill, 1990; 61). However, throughout this era, social work also expanded due to a dual process of development between interacting strands of cultural, political, intellectual and institutional progression. This dual process of development includes ‘the emergence of training and education for social workers and the continued expansion of untrained social work’ within charitable bodies (Skehill, 1990; 97). The pattern of social work training that established in the 20th century persisted in the following decades, with the continuation of an individual focus, home visiting, in-depth inquiries and concentration on the poor, women and children remaining to be at the core of its’ practice. In Ireland, the health and welfare service continued to develop in the mid-20th century and as a result, had a crucial influence on the evolution of social work within this period. There was a decrease in the influence of the Catholic Church, professional training and employment for social workers increased and the State developed a greater role in the provision of social services which led to increasing opportunities for the development of social work. According to Darling (1971), formal social work training in Ireland began in 1899, when Reverend R.M. Gwynn established an association in Trinity College Dublin, with a primary aim of promoting the study of poverty. ‘The establishment of the Civic Institute of Ireland in 1914 marks a significant step in the evolution of social work in Ireland’ (Skehill, 1999; 91). The main aim of this society was the ‘study and investigation of all questions and problems affecting the lives of the Irish public in their capacity as citizens or as inhabitants of a city, urban or rural area of Ireland’ (Civic Institute of Ireland, 1914 in Skehill, 1999; 91). Bibliography * Considine, M. and Dukelow, F. (2009) Irish Social Policy: A critical introduction, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Ltd. * Sheldon, B. and MacDonald, G. (2009) Textbook of Social Work, London: Routledge. * Skehill, C. (1999a): The Nature of Social Work in Ireland, a Historical Perspective, Lewiston, USA: Edwin Mellen Press. * Morales, A. and Sheafor, B.W. 1977. Social Work: A Profession of Many Faces. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc. * Darling, V. (1971) ‘Social Work in the Republic of Ireland’. Social studies, Irish Journal of Sociology, 1(1)24-37. *

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

How you helped another person and realized that you benefited as well Essay

How you helped another person and realized that you benefited as well - Essay Example Martha was sitting on a chair, wearing a new track suite and her sports shoes, her hair neatly collected with a matching blue ribbon, seeming a bit reluctant and hesitant. I signaled Martha to join me and she followed me like a cat being taken for a bath. We walked our way to the nearby public park. I told Martha that we will have a swift walk for the next 30 minutes. Both of us started with a slow and steady pace and Martha seemed to be doing fine, until I fastened my pace. I soon realized that Martha was way behind me and though she tried hard to catch up with me, she seemed to be tired and fatigued. Somehow we finished our 30 minute walk, followed by some stretching exercises. We continued with this routine for the next 3 days, until that fateful Monday came. As usual, when I entered the Butler household that morning, I saw a distressed Mrs. Butler, trying to console a weeping and sobbing Martha. I was a bit confused and perplexed. Mrs. Butler told me that somehow Martha was not willing to join me for her daily walk. She said she was feeling unwell, and excused me. I came back home, felling a bit bad. I talked about the issue with my mother. When I told her about our experiences in the past 3 days, she listened to me with an understanding smile. She told me that I simply cannot help Martha until I learn to see things from her perspective. She told me that Martha was badly overweight and was not used to an active way of life, not to mention the health problems she faced. For a fit person like me, a 30 minute walk and some exercise may be a piece of cake, but, for Martha it was a big challenge. To help Martha, I need to get into her shoes and think like her. The next morning I went to collect Martha. She was looking at me apprehensively. I greeted her with a big smile and pat her shoulders. We went to the park and I told her that today there will be no exercises. Instead we will just walk around, enjoying that beautiful morning. I

Monday, October 7, 2019

Research and Analysis of Business Problems Essay

Research and Analysis of Business Problems - Essay Example (Anon. 2009) - 1. Its revenues are highly dependent on the sales of trucks and SUVs which are quite famous in the market. Of late, the demand for these heavy vehicles has started to dwindle due to the ongoing recession since 2007. 2008 has particularly been a very difficult year for the automotive as well as Ford motor company. Questions are being raised about its very sustainability because the demand for its famous products has fallen very drastically. Not only that, because the company did not think of catering to the small car market from past ten years, many loyal customers who are in need of such cars are now shifting towards other companies. The result of such lapse in conquering the small car market is the closure of 12 manufacturing facility units in North America. Not only that, several tough decisions like layoffs and attritions have also been taken in the recent past. Buyouts were also undertaken to reduce the U.S. payroll. These are the general issues which every automotive company would face. However, capturing the North American markets and entry into emerging markets through its small and midsize car production are the necessary actions to be taken up to ensure sustainability and improve on its balance sheet. For this, it needs to do responsible restructuring instead of downsizing the company. It needs to shift its workers from the production of the trucks and SUVs to small and midsized cars. Thus, it can address the ethical issues which encircled the organization during the previous attritions. Feasibility analysis has to be conducted to understand the expected demand for its small and midsized cars. According to that demand, it needs to estimate the production for which cost-benefit analysis has to be drawn out. This will clarify the term within which the company plans to return back to profitability. In this way, the previous miss-management of issues can be curbed to a large extent and the

Sunday, October 6, 2019

Groups and Teams Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Groups and Teams Paper - Essay Example Harvey Dubin (2005) stresses the need for high performance team: "A high-performing team will produce innovations and results that take the company to the next level." He further adds that this "will reduce costs, increase productivity, shorten time for research and development, and get products and services to market faster." With these advantages, high performance teams are a "must have" for any business organization. The establishment of high performance teams should be commenced by the individual employees' commitment. In starting any specific task, a team can only function efficiently if each of the members vows their total devotion and dedication to the job to be accomplished. Each of the members should not be bound by their past experience but should seek to commit and perform in ways they never have before, opening themselves to new skills and perspectives. According to Harvey (2005): Building a high-performing team is not about people's skills, abilities or knowledge. It's about their commitment. It is not about putting together the right team. It's about putting together the right challenge. It is not about avoiding or overcoming setbacks and corporate resistance. It's about embracing difficulties and leveraging them to galvanize the team in a relentless pursuit of results. A research conducted by the Filine Institute c... Good communication is really a key in achieving process gains. Communication enables the dispensation of relevant information which will aid the whole organization in transferring ideas, evaluating possibilities, and promotes harmonious relationship between group members. Good communication also eliminates probable errors which can be brought about by miscommunications. Cohesion or interdependence is another key in boosting the performance of a team. The realization within the group that they are a part of a cohesive whole whose goals can only be achieved by strong coordination will motivate each member to do best for the group. Cohesion also cultivates each member's sense of belongingness. Meanwhile, Donald J. Bodwell (2002) recognized that high performance teams consistently displays trust, respect, and support for each team member. He argues that "team members need to be coached in the need to trust and support each other" (Bodwell 2002). He emphasizes t he value of support which involves keeping an eye on each team member as well as offering help when needed. In order to become a high performance team, members should constantly show that they are strongly and tightly united in order to achieve a common goal. Nowadays, the new trend in business organizations is diversity hiring. As companies come to recognize the contribution of workplace diversity, it is widely observed that players are closely monitoring the extent of diversity in its human resource. The rationale in favoring a human resource with different origins, backgrounds, interests, and status is fairly simple: diversity will is able to pool together various talents, ideas, skills, and knowledge

Saturday, October 5, 2019

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Humanities - Essay Example In contrast, a closer look at the painting depicts a description of suffering the subject is experiencing. In other words, the subject is undergoing a personal crisis that causes alienation. In the background of the picture, there are two people, probably the two friends Munch refers to in the quote, â€Å"walking away in the opposite direction.† The illustration creates feelings of alienation in depicting the fear that Munch talks of in the quote. Edward Munch as an expressionist painter uses color in expressing his emotional turmoil. In the quote he describes the â€Å"red† sky and the â€Å"bluish black† Fjord, the color description shows his alienated world. The dark world seemingly black hole hell like where â€Å"tongues of fire† lick at the overwhelmingly tired sexless subject. The use of the word â€Å"blood† in the painting quote in conjunction with the swirling and whirling warm tones existing in the far background depicts the physical violence the subject might have been undergoing. The scream represents a sound and auditory sensation. The setting of the paint is near a slaughterhouse and insane asylum. Probably the artist was referring to the wailing of the dying animals and the cries from the nearby insane asylum. The scream depicts the modern society where human beings are suffering in hidden places but undergoing both emotional and physical suffering in the modern age. The insane asylum is the creation of the community standard because how does one precisely measure the level of insanity a person is undergoing to warrant lock up in the asylum. Unfortunately, the society believes that way, so it is quite hard to change the perception. Vincent Gogh’s â€Å"Night Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬  shows a correlation in illustrating the alienation theme. The artist’s plunging perspective shows an impression of his alienation in a cruel world that was seemingly closing up on

Friday, October 4, 2019

Business research-Second cup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business research-Second cup - Essay Example Every employee is trained by baristas (coffee experts) on the various aspects of coffee making, including selection of beans, crushing, roasting and other technical aspects connected with the processing of the beans. Hence, all the employees receive training in all aspects of coffee making, including knowledge about growing of coffee etc. (Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a global market, 2003). Starbucks lays special emphasis on building a unique culture with its people – it believes that its true strength are its employees and therefore, they are given good benefits and remuneration and also given stock options, or ownerships in the Company. (Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a global market, 2003). Starbucks does not offer franchises to anybody nor does it envisage doing franchisee business in the foreseeable future. In the North of America, majority of shops are bought, owned and operated by Starbucks itself; however, in exceptional cases, where real estate ownership may not be forthcoming, such as airport locations, grocery chains and major foodstuff establishments, the Company enters into licentiate agreements with Companies who provide access to these places. However, the shops are manned by Starbucks personnel themselves. (Business opportunities. 2007). The reasons why Starbucks do not franchise is because the franchisees may not be able to maintain the highest standards of quality and service which forms the bulwark of Starbucks’ reputation. However, their competitor, First Cup operates through a chain of franchisees. The main problem with franchisees is that consistency of franchises performance over all the territories have to be maintained, and a greater degree of control has to be established. Franchisee reporting also has to be delineated. The degree of autonomy and chain of command which is available to own staff cannot be extended for the

Thursday, October 3, 2019

Eating and Mermaids Poolside Grille Essay Example for Free

Eating and Mermaids Poolside Grille Essay We have all decided to go on a Carnival Cruise line costing us all $601. 36 apiece; together it will cost $2,405. 44, for seven nights in the Bahamas and Florida area. We will all drive up to Maryland, Baltimore using $50 in gas for both ways and leaving the houses at 1:00 pm. We will also eat about $4 to $5 a person worth of food on the way down there then on the way back we will spend probably the same amount in order to eat again. On the first day of the cruise we will unpack and relax until 7:30P. M. and eat in the Normandie Restaurant. After dinner we will relax on the deck till 11:30P. M. The next day we will go to the pool and swim. At lunch we will have room service then go back to the pool. At dinner we will go to the Mermaids Poolside Grille. After dinner we are all going to the dance club on the cruise. The third day will consist of a Cookie Decorating class and ice cream eating contest. By dinner we will eat at Pizzeria which is located in the Mermaids Poolside Grille. After dinner we will all just relax. On the fourth day we stop in Florida and relax on the beach soaking up the sun. At dinner time we are eating at the sushi bar and going to the butterflies lounge in the cruise after dinner. On the fifth day we stop at the Bahamas and go shopping with our left over money, which would be $350 per person. When we get back on the cruise we will have room service again. By the sixth day we will be watching a Broadway musical and listening to comedians. We will eat Normandie Restaurant again. On the last and final day we will be packing and playing a couple of games on the cruise like battle of the sexes. When dinner comes around we will eat at Your Time Dining. On the eighth day we will be sadly departing at 8:00am. All of these activities, excluding shopping, will be at no charge because we paid for all of it at the beginning.

Nuclei And Mitochondrial Fraction

Nuclei And Mitochondrial Fraction The objective of this experiment is to prepare a nuclei and mitochondrial fraction using differential centrifugation, from a rat liver homogenate sample. The amount of activity of mitochondria in the fractions can be measured using succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) as a marker. To measure the percentage recovery of the SDH of Mitochondrial, Nuclei and supernatant fractions in comparison to the Homogenate and to Calculate the specific and relative activity of SDH in each fraction. Figure 1: Shows a typical animal cell with the individual organelle components. Figure 2: Shows the typical features and functions of the organelles of interest in this report. Figure 1 + 2 Created on Microsoft paint with reference to Essential Biology (2004) Individual organelles differ in size but are all usually around 10nm in diameter. There is a small surface area and size/density depends on the organelle, the smaller organelles being lysosomes and ribosomes. Mitochondria differs in cell type depending on the energy demand of that organ, the more ATP that is required in a particular organ the more mitochondria found. E.g. more mitochondria found in heart and liver cells than in a white blood cell like a lymphocyte. Smaller organelles include lysosomes and ribosomes. Metabolism can be detected using various methods such as use of inhibitors. These can be both competitive and non-competitive, an example is seen with arsenic with inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase. Another method is with the use of radioisotopes to measure activity aswell as histochemistry, immunocytochemistry and electromicroscopy. Preparation of the homogenate occurs in various stages. Firstly the homogenisation of liver cells. This can be done using a Potter Elvehjem homogeniser to extract organelles without damaging the actual cell. This is a simple and effective homogenisation method. A small gap is made within the cell wall which is then pressurised which forces the contents i.e organelles, cytoplasm etc. out of the cell. This occurs at a low temperature and mild pH, and to keep the isotonic solution a sucrose buffer is used, therefore since there is the same water potential inside the cell and outside the cell there is no net movement of water (osmosis) and thus the cell remains the same size. Homogenized cells also must be kept at low temperatures to prevent autolysis (the degradation of a cell by its enzymes). (www.bookrags.com). Figure 3 shows a classic Potter Elvehjem homogeniser Image taken from (umwcellbiology.org) The second stage is fractionation of the homogenate sample. This process is called centrifugation and can be further split into either a differential centrifugation or a density gradient centrifugation. The differential centrifugation splits the impure fraction into separate compartments due to the size of the various organelles in question and there density. The centrifuge applies a gravitational force onto the sample to separate components. The rate of centrifugation is determined by the acceleration or speed applied to the homogenate and is usually measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) or g. Depending on the density of the organelles will determine their isolation at a given speed. The higher density organelles and the bigger organelles separate at a lower speed centrifugation. (K. Wilson 2005). The separation forms a pellet which is the precipitate proportion of the sample and the component of interest and a supernatant which is the liquid component. The supernatant readily de canted from the sample without removing the precipitate. Diferemces in centrifugation occur due to the techniques used, differential centrifugation is based upon the sedimentation rate of particles and thus the sedimentation rate separates them based on size and density. After initial sedimentation the largest particles separate first into pellet and supernatant (K. Wilson 2005). Density gradient centrifugation separates organelles using a media. Various media can be applied and depending on the particles will be best for certain types and may not work well for others. (K. Wilson 2005). The 4 fractions we will obtain are nuclei, mitochondrial, supernatant and homogenate. Various tests can be carried out to distinguish between fractions and to determine their actual purity, testing for specific enzymes can code for the activity occurring in the cell fractions therefore indicating the most abundant component. Some tests include: Testing for DNA in both nuclei and mitochondrial fractions. This is because DNA is contained within the nucleus but also within the mitochondria. This is because relating to the endosymbiotic theory mitochondria was a separate aerobically respiring bacterial cell which was later engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell to merge into one aerobically respiring cell. Mitochondria is maternally inherited in the case of the majority of multicellular organisms, this is due to the higher number of mtDNA molecules in the ooecyte and much fewer in a sperm cell which are mostly degraded before fertilization takes place. Test for histones which indicate nuclei fraction as well as testing for various enzymes such as ATPase found in cytoplasmic (supernatant) and mitochondrial fractions and phosphotase kinase indicating microsomes and golgi apparatus are present. Some enzymes are exclusive to the citric acid cycle which occurs in the mitochondria, therefore testing for these enzymes indicates the presence of mitochondria in a fraction. The enzyme marker to test for mitochondria which we use is succinate dehydrogenase which is exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Succinate dehydrogenase is formed only during the citric acid cycle so is only given as an indication of mitochondria. However, since during the homogenisation process the mitochondria could potentially burst spilling their contents into the cytoplasm (supernatant fraction), this does not therefore give an accurate indication of mitochondria present in a fraction. Succinate dehydrogenase breaks down succinate into fumurate, therefore t he measurement of formazan indicates presence of succinate dehydrogenase. Measuring Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity (Red Formazan assay) This occurs in 2 reactions: 1: succinate + FAD à ¨ fumarate + FADH2 SDH breaks down succinate into fumarate. This is an oxidation reaction since the succinate loses 2 electrons, in addition a reduction of the enzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide occurs (FAD gains 2 electrons) (FAD + 2 electrons à ¨ FADH2) Figure 4: Shows the redox reaction which occurs with succinate and FAD. Image taken from natuurlijkerwijs.com SDH activity is measured by the formation of formazan a deep red compound formed from the reduction on a tetrazolium salt. The reduced FADH2 reduces tetrazolium salt (INT). 2: FADH2 + INT à ¨ FAD + formazan Centrifugation and calculating the relative centrifugal field. (K. Wilson 2005) G = W2r = 4 II2 r (rPM)2 = 1.1110-5r (rPM)2 3600 G= Relative centrifugal force (RFC) r = Radical distance from axis of rotation w = Angular velocity rPM = Revolutions per minute. T = 9 É ² (In Rt/Rb) 2 W2rp2 (Pp -P) É ² = Viscosity of medium rp = Radius of particle Pp = Density of particle P = Density of medium Rt = Radius to top of centrifuge tube Rb = Radius to bottom of centrifuge tube. There are many differences in types of centrifuges available and results depend on the speed of the centrifugation and whether a vacuum is present and the type of rotor used. (K. Wilson 2005) Analysis of marker enzymes in subfractions determines the recovery of subcellular organelles, with comparison to previous tests, quantative data can be used to assess contamination of fractions. Showing whether the subfractionation method has been successful or not. These tests also hold health benefits and implications e.g. microsome C causes cell death and can be found in mitochondrial fractions, however in cancer patients no microsome c is present, indicating no cell death will occur a common feature of cancer cells. Enzyme measurement in subcellular fractions however does hold some implications such as the solubility of the environment which may cause differences in enzyme function. Another implication is latency of enzymes, this refers to whether proteins are bound to the enzyme which in turn activates them once bound signalling enzyme function. There may also be low recovery of enzymes in the fractions due to poor recovery of the organelles which they come from, in particular if the enzyme is confined only to a specific region. Over the 3 week period centrifugation will separate the fractions according to size/density and separating the sample into the pellet and supernatant fractions. The speed of the centrifuge determines whether the pellets will separate. A lower speed is needed to separate the nuclei fraction due to the higher density, whereas the higher speed is needed to separate the supernatant due to the smaller density remaining organelles. (K. Wilson 2005). The protein content is also measure for each fraction using the biuret assay, absorbance values are given which determine the protein content of each fraction. Finally succinate dehydrogenase is measured. This causes a redox reaction and causes e- ions are released, using formazan as an indicator this changes the colour of solution red, showing a redox reaction has taken place. From this research I can predict that the mitochondrial fraction is expected to have the highest results in specific activity due to fewer proteins present in that fraction. Results: Calculations: Formazans molar extinction coefficient (E490nm) = 20,100 M-1 cm-1 The specific activity and relative activity of the fractions can be determined by measuring the concentration using Beer- Lamberts Law: (www.chemguide.co.uk) A = ÃŽ µ x l x C A = Absorbance (no units) ÃŽ µ = Epsilon. The adsorbtion coefficient M -1 cm -1 l= Cuvettes light path length, this is the length of solution a light passes through (always 1 cm) C= Concentration of substance in M (moles in 1 litre) Rearrange to give concentration: C = A / ÃŽ µ x l Units: M-1 x cm-1 = 1 / M x cm C = A / ÃŽ µ x l Gives units: ( 1/ (1/M x cm) x cm). This can be simplified to give 1/ (1/M) And further simplified to give units: M (moles per litre or dcm -3) Know values: ÃŽ µ = the formazan adsorption coefficient is 20,100 M -1 cm -1 A = refers to the absorbance at 490nm values for each fraction are found in the mean-control table section. Using the equation: C = A / ÃŽ µ x l We can work out the concentration of formazan formed in the reaction. The concentration value is for 1 litre, therefore we must calculate the actual concentration from the actual assay volume used. Concentration = amount/volume rearranged to give A = C x V The final assay volume from week 3 is 6 ml* due to the addition of ethyl acetate. * Note by mistake 6ml of ethyl acetate was added instead of 4 ml giving a different final volume to the other groups. Converting 6ml into its litre value and x by the concentration gives the accurate mole product of formazan produced. Reaction time needs to be included to give the accurate units. Activity units can be determined using the following equation. Activity = Moles of formazan/reaction time (12 minutes) This gives the activity in M -1 Calculating total activity and specific activity of the fractions. Table 1: Total volumes from each cellular fraction. Fraction Total Volume (ml) Homogenate 12 Nuclei Fraction 12 Mitochondrial Fraction 12 Supernatant Fraction 26 To do this we need to take into the account: The total volume The total protein of the fraction. Dilution factor The total volume values for each fraction can be found in table 1. The sample of each fraction used was 0.2ml, therefore the amount of moles of formazan calculated is in 0.2ml. (0.2 / total volume) x moles of formazan in 0.2ml X by the dilution factor of each fraction to give the total activity for each fraction, the values are given in table 4. To determine the specific activity we must consider the total protein of the fraction. Values are given in table 3. Specific activity = Total activity of fraction/ total protein of fraction Table 2: Bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution concentrations Volume (ml) BSA (10mg/ml BSA 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.1m NaOH 2.0 (blank) 1.8. 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.4 Table 3: Values for BSA standard curve. See Graph 1 for the results from the corresponding fraction absorbance. Protein Amount (mg) 0 (blank) 2 4 6 8 12 16 Absorbance at 550nm 0 0.105 0.184 0.275 0.354 0.511 0.531 Table 4: Protein amount in homogenate and subcellular fractions. Homogenate 0.05ml Nuclei 0.2ml Mitochondria 0.2ml Supernatant 0.2ml Average Absorbance (550nm) 0.169 0.054 0.174 0.199 Protein amount in samples aliquot (mg) 3.6 1.18 3.8 4.15 Protein concentration in fraction (mg/ml) 72 5.9 19 20.75 Protein amount in fractions total volume (mg) 864 70.8 228 539.5 Graph 2: Shows the difference in protein amount amongst cellular fractions. Table 5: Actual concentration of fraction after dilution. Dilution Factor Actual concentration (mg/ml) Homogenate 20 3.6 Nuclei 3 2 Mitochondrial 20 0.95 Supernatant 1 20.75 Table 6: Formazan content absorbance at 490nm. Fraction Control Test 1 Test 2 Mean-Control Homogenate 0.132 0.58 0.52 0.42 Nuclei 0.21 0.352 0.326 0.13 Mitochondrial 0.057 0.391 0.265 0.27 Supernatant 0.132 0.52 0.33 0.29 Results for Homogenate: From table 5, we have the absorbance of homogenate as 0.42 this divided by the adsorption co-efficient gives: 0.42/20,100 = 2.1 x 10 -5 M The units for concentration are left as moles per litre (M). To get this into moles in the actual volume used (6ml not 1 litre) 2.1 x 10 -5 M x 0.006 lite = 1.3 x 10-7 M Include the reaction time of 12 minutes to give moles per minute. 1.3 x 10-7 M /12mins = 1.010-8 M -1 To determine total activity and specific activity. The total volume from table 1: for the homogenate is 12ml, however the sample used was only 0.2ml we therefore divide actual volume / used volume x concentration of H x dilution factor (20 in the case of the homogenate from table 5 values) Total activity = (12/0.2) x1.0x10-8 M -1 x 20 = 1.2 x 10 -5 M -1 specific activity = 1.2 x 10 -5 M -1/ total amount protein in homogenate from table 4 1.2 x 10 -5 M -1/864= 1.3 x 10-8 M min-1 Results for nuclei fraction: 0.13/20,100 M-1 cm-1 = 6.5 x 10-6 In 0.006 litre : 6.5 x 10-6 x 0.006 = 3.9 x 10-8 M 3.9 x 10-8 M / 12 = 3.2 x 10-9 M min-1 Total activity = 3.2 x 10-9 M min-1 x (12/0.2) x 3 = 5.8 x 10 7M min-1 Specific activity = 5.8 x 10 7/ 70.8 = 8.2 x 10 -9 M min-1 Results for mitochondria: C = 0.27/20,100 m-1 cm -1 = 1.3 x 10-5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœM 1.3 x 10-5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœM x 0.006 = 7.8 x 10-8 M 7.8 x 10-8 M / 12 = 6.5 x 10-9 M min-1 Total activity = 6.5 x 10-9 M min-1 x (12/0.2) x 20 = 7.8 x 10-6 M min-1 Specific activity = 7.8 x 10-6 M min-1/228 = 3.4 x 10-8 M min -1 Results for supernatant: C = 0.29/20,100 m-1 cm -1 = 1.4 x 10-5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœM 1.4 x 10-5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœM x 0.006 = 8.7 x 10-8 M = 8.7 x 10-8 M / 12 = = 7.3 x 10-9 M min-1 Total activity = 7.3 x 10-9 M min-1 x (26/0.2) = 9.4 x 10-7 M min-1 Specific activity = 9.4 x 10-7 M min-1/539.5 = 1.7 x 10-9 M min -1 Percentage recovery of Succinate Dehydrogenase for the fractions This is done by dividing the amount of Succinate dehydrogenase in the individual fractions by the original homogenate and then multiplied by 100 to give a percentage. Table 7: Shows the total activity for each of the fractions. Fraction Total Activity Homogenate 1.2 x 10 -5 M -1 Nuclei 5.8 x 10 7M min-1 Mitochondria 7.8 x 10-6 M min-1 Supernatant 9.4 x 10-7 M min-1 Nuclei fraction: (5.8X10-7/1.210-5 ) x 100 = 4.8% Mitochondria fraction (7.810-6/1.210-5 ) x 100 = 65% Supernatant fraction (9.410-7/1.210-5) x 100 =7.8% Relative Specific Activity of Succinate Dehydrogenase This is found by dividing the specific activity of the fractions (found above) by the specific activity of the homogenate (found above). Table 8 shows the specific activity for each of the fractions: Fraction Specific Activity Homogenate 1.4 x 10-8 M min-1 Nuclei 8.2 x 10 -9 M min-1 Mitochondria 3.4 x 10-8 M min -1 Supernatant 1.7 x 10-9 M min -1 Nuclei fraction 8.2 x 10 -9 M min-1 /1.4 x 10-8 M min-1 = 0.586 Mitochondrial fraction 3.4 x 10 -8 M min-1 /1.4 x 10-8 M min-1 = 2.429 Supernatant fraction 1.7 x 10 -9 M min-1 /1.4 x 10-8 M min-1 = 0.121 Discussion: Note: There was very little protein found in the nuclei fractions total volume, this is abnormally low since we would expect this to be higher. From the results we can determine that the this supports our prediction that The mitochondrial fraction is expected to have the highest results in specific activity due to fewer proteins present in that fraction. Organelles have been isolated from each other as seen with the differing proportions of protein found in each fraction as well as the differing values for specific and total activity calculated. However the homogenate is expected to have the highest total activity due to the higher amount of protein since all fractions are present. However since protein was found in the cytoplasm or supernatant fraction, this indicates that there was an error in the separation of the fractions as SDH is present where it usually isnt found. Succinate dehydrogenase works by transferring 2 electrons from succinate which transfers it to fumerate, which blocks the rest of the reaction when it binds to FAD, from the measurement of formazan gives the value of activity. Results show that the relative specific activity is highest in the mitochondrial fraction, as well as the percentage recovery of the fractions. Therefore demonstrating that the fractions were purified and that the homogenisation and centrifugation has been relatively successful in separating fractions. However there were some inaccuracies from the results, this includes the very low protein amount found with in nuclei fraction, this was however predicted to contain a higher amount of protein due to the nature of the organelle and the enzymes contained within it. Another inaccuracy in this experiment is that SDH was found within the supernatant. This is primarily a marker for mitochondria so would not usually be found within the cytoplasm, however due to mitochondria bursting and releasing its contents into the cytoplasm during the homogenisation stage and centrifugation the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase was present. Since the test was carried out under the same conditions in a neutral pH buffer we can conclude that this was a fair test, however is it often found that the more molecules present in a The separating of the homogenate could be improved by using another method of homogenisation, in this experiment we used a Potter Lethem homogeniser which is a glass and plastic hand homogeniser. This perhaps isnt the most accurate at pressurising cells with the force needed to accurately release cell content. Alternative homogenisers include ultrasonic and rotor based homogenisers which may provide more accurate. (www.proscientific.com) A different centrifugation method used. During this experiment differential centrifugation was used, however density gradients may provide more accurate at purifying a sample (www.coleparmer.co.uk). This method works by placing various layers after layer of gradient media such as sucrose in a tube with the heaviest layer at the bottom and the lightest at the top. The cell fraction to be separated is placed on top of the layer and centrifuged. Density gradient separation can be classified into two categories. Rate-tonal (size) separation. Isopycnic (density) in which organelles separate until their density matches the surroundings of the media in which they are. A very good medium for separating organelles is an iodinised media. (www.coleparmer.co.uk). Accuracy of the absorbance and accuracy of obtaining the protein amount. Results are slightly low indicating inaccuracy in both collecting the samples and also measuring the absorbance, this could be due to error in homogenisation and centrifugation techniques but could also be due to error in the reading of absorbance using the Spectrophotometric assay since U.V wavelength has different absorbance levels if either oxidised or reduced enzymes absorb light therefore giving innacurate indication to enzyme present (www.millipore.com) . This may affect the absorbance levels in the fractions if specific enzymes are affected thus giving an altered absorbance level and therefore undermined protein amount. Another method to measure enzyme assay could be to use a caliometric method which measures heat radiance given off instead of the absorbance levels. Some of the organelles which remain in the supernatant fraction are the smaller and less dense proportions of the cell such as ribosomes and lysosomes. Further centrifugation at a higher speed can be used to separate these smaller less dense organelles into pellets. This can also be used to further purify bacteria. In conclusion we see that as predicted, the specific activity is highest in the mitochondrial fraction and the total activity is highest in the homogenate. The % recovery of each fraction and the relative specific activity for each fraction calculated shows a higher proportion in the mitochondrial fraction also. Overall the results indicate accurate laboratory skills and results conclude what was intended, however some slight changes to laboratory equipment would mean that some of the results such as SDH found in the supernatant may not come about in a future test.