The Life of Jonathan Edwards Essay Example for Free

The Life of Jonathan Edwards EssayLiberty Baptist Theological Seminary The Life of Jonathan Edwards A Paper Submitted to Dr. Gregory Tomlin In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course the Statesn Christianity CHHI 692 Table of contents Abstract3 Biographical Outline4-5 Survey of Edwards Life5-18 Work Written By Jonathan Edwards19-20 Bibliography21-22 Abstract Through out Jonathan Edwards life he focused on talk and expressing his views and whims on how nation should live their lives and practice the trustfulness. He was real influential in the first great awakening. He also gave various sermons and wrote multiple books and essays (that influenced many future mountain and organizations) on how to live life and worship graven image. Biographical Outline Jonathan Edwards was born on October 5, 1703, in Connecticut. in that location he shared a life with his aim (Timothy Edwards, who was a minister in East Windsor, Connecticut), his mother (Esther Stoddard, th e little girl of Rev. Solomon Stoddard), and ten sisters. His parents made sure that their children were brought up to know paragon on a in the flesh(predicate) level.After completing his home studies (with his parents), Edwards mulish (at the young age of 13) to continue his discipline by attending Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, where he studied divinity. He studied in that respect working on his B. D. for two years. After his graduation, he decided to focus his knowledge in the areas theology. After preaching at a Presbyterian perform in New York City for less than a year, he decided to return to college (Yale) to receive his M. A. degree. On completion of his schooling, he joined his granddaddy as an associate pastor at Northampton.In July of 1727 he married Sarah Pierpont, and over the years they had eleven children. In the early part of their coupling, Edwards grandfather died, and he had to take on the task of preaching, alone. This event began his life as a true preacher. Through out the rest of his life he focused on preaching and expressing his views and feelings on how mint should live their lives and practice the faith. He was very influential in the first great awakening. He gave various sermons and wrote multiple books and essays on how to live life and worship God.Edwards was known for his views on women. During his time many heap felt women should focus their life in the household, unless Edwards felt that they were sufficient to men, and could also hold important positions in life. This could be preaching the gospel to others and or explaining the fascinations and or discoveries of science (which he also enjoyed). Throughout his life he enjoyed education of non only himself, but also all of the people around him. Survey of Edwards Life Edwards Early Years Jonathan Edwards was born on October 5, 1703, in East Windsor, Connecticut.He was born to two parents, who were firm believers of God and His power, Timothy Edwards an d Ester Stoddard. Edwards father, Timothy Edwards, was a pastor of a church their in East Windsor, Connecticut, and his mother, Esther Stoddard, was the daughter of Solomon Stoddard (a pastor of the church in Northampton, Massachusetts). Edwards parents were blessed with 11 children. Among those eleven children, he was the only boy (so he probably had a lot to live up too). His parents, who grew up in the Puritan age, raised him and his siblings in a Puritan atmosphere and upbringing.They were home schooled, while being taught the importance of putting all of your faith into the Lord. After his schooling, at home, was completed, Edwards decided to continue his education by attending Yale College (in New Haven, Connecticut). While he was in that respect he studied various subjects, including science, divinity, and theology, better-looking him a well-rounded and objective education. During his studies he managed to find extra time to write multiple intriguing essays. He graduated i n September 1720, as the valedictorian of his class, with a degree in divinity.Once Edwards completed his college studies at Yale College, he decided to try out preaching. He began his journey at a small Presbyterian church in New York City. There he was a clergyman. He stayed there for almost a year. Then decided to leave for much(prenominal) education. He returned to Yale to tutor others and to continue his education. In early 1727 Edwards decided to join his grandfather at his church (Northampton). There he held the position of assistant minister. Since he was still considered a student minister, between his time ministering, he would spend his extra time studying and increasing his knowledge.Also during the same year Edwards decided to marry his love, Sarah. She was the daughter of the founder of Yale College. Although she was young (the mere age of seventeen), she was devoted to her spiritual love for God. She was truly an inspiration for Edwards and had been since she was 13 years old. Throughout their marriage she was a wonderful wife and friend. She made sure her husband and their eleven children were taken care of in every way. She was a true role mock up to her children and her husband. In 1729, early within the year, Edwards grandfather (Solomon Stoddard) died. Upon is death, Edwards was left with the huge task of taking on the ministry of his grandfathers church (Northampton) all by his self. This church was a well known and attended church, and was one of the largest in the area. Edwards and The Great Awakening In 1731 Edwards wrote, preached, and published one of his famous sermons. He shared his sermon, which was called God Glorified In Mans Dependence, with the people of Boston. This sermon revolved around the topic of Arminianism (stereological thought that involves the Protestant Community, which is based on Dutch meliorate theologian, Jacobus Arminius).Edwards main focus with this sermon was to let people know that God gave them the po wer of faith to help lead them to salvation. In1733 a revival began right there at Edwards church (Northampton). By the spring of the next year the revival reached huge heights. Within six months of the revivals starting line, nearly three century people had come to the church to participate. The increased activity there at the church also gave him the idea and the opportunity to study the process of conversion (which he documented in his essay, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton).Eventually the total revival was documented (by Edwards) through multiple essays, which Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners became the most effective. By the year of 1735, the revival that began with Edwards church had expanded. The revival had gone(p) from the grounds of Northampton to New Jersey. With the expansion of the revival, the numbers of doubters grew. There were many people throughout New England who doubted Edwards sincerity of Gods Words, and felt that he was leash his flock of believers (new and old) to ultimate damnation.These doubts got so great that some people felt the urge to commit suicide (with a some actually completing the act). These acts and feeling of suicide ultimately ended this revival. Talk of the revival spread all the way to England and Scotland. People in other countries (across seas) were aware of what was going on in America, and they were intrigued. One person, in specific, who became interested in Northampton and Edwards, was George Whitefield. He was an Anglican Protestant minister, who eventually helped spread the Great Awakening to Britain.In 1739 Whitefield traveled to the Thirteen Colonies (the sign British colonies established, between the time of 1607 to 1733, on the Atlantic Coast of North America) on a revival tour. While he was touring he met Edwards acquaintance. While in America he preached at Edwards church. The sermon was so touching (as he reminded Edwards and his congregation of the purpose of the revival that had occurred earlier) that most of the congregation cried (along with Edwards) as Whitefield spoke. The sermon was so inspiring that the revival came back to life.People remember what the whole point to the revival was, a chance to bring people to God. The sermon also inspired Edwards. This was during the time that he preached the sermon the made him known. In 1741 Edwards went to Enfield, Connecticut, and preached his famous sermon, Sinners in the stacks of an Angry God. In this sermon he reminded people of Hell (through bright imagery and scripture). He felt that this was what the people needed to return them to the path of righteousness. Although there were many people who Edwards brought back to the revival, there were still some who were mistrustful of the movement. round of these people consisted of conservative Congregationalist ministers. These ministers were leery for various reasons, one in particular were the actions that consumed people during the movement. Some of these actions consisted of barking, crying out, yelling, body movements, etc. In the movements defense, Edwards published a work called The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God. In his work he stated the reactions of these people were not one way or some other the actions of God.Shortly after publishing this work he published a mates of apologizes stating that he was incorrect and that the prognosticate visitation does take over the body (in the writing Thoughts on the Revival in New England). These new views came in part from the actions of his wife during the movement. Regardless of Edwards run-in on body movements and conversion people took notice of the effect that the gospel seemed to have on the people who participated in these revivals. The people who were promoting The Great Awaking took the body movements as true reactions to conversion.Even though many people had taken Edwards words that he p reviously spoken, on the topic of bodily movements and conversion (even though he tried to retract his options and views on the topic), and ran with them, he still tried to let people know that he had changed his position and views on the topic. He preached at his church (Northampton), in the attempt to share and spread his new feelings and to explain why his feelings had changed. During the years of 1742 and 1746, Edwards had a group of his sermons published called Religious Affections.This famous group of sermons expresses his views on conversion. It also described how true conversion occurs and that the only way a person can be saved is if they truly believe, have faith, and accept that deliverer Christ died for mans sins. Without the previous criteria a person cannot be saved. During the years between 1747 and 1749, Edwards published various works regarding religion and beliefs. A couple in particular regarded a movement in Scotland and David Brainerd. In 1747 Edwards joined a m ovement that was in Scotland. It was called the Concert in Prayer.After his involvement in the movement he decided to document his experience in his writing called An Humble Attempt to Promote Explicit Agreement and Visible Union of Gods People in Extraordinary Prayer for the Revival of Religion and the Advancement of Christs Kingdom on Earth. Then in 1749 another one of his writing was published. This writing involved the conversion and confessions of David Brainerd. During the time in question, Brainerd was living in Edwards church (Northampton) and was being attended to by Edwards daughter (Jerusha).Rumors were be adrift around that the two, Jerusha and David, were engaged, but of course there were no documents to back up the rumors. Women and Their Importance Throughout Edwards life, he tried to instill in the people who surrounded him the importance of a woman. He wanted people to know that women were just as important as men were and that they should work together as a team t o help each other. These views were instilled in him as a child. His mother and sisters took care of the duties around the house and helped him and his father throughout childhood.Edwards also convey is views about women when it came to his wife Sarah. He felt that men and women were equal and promoted gender equality. In his day to day duties and even his sermons, he promoted Equality. For example, he would stress the fact that The Bible states that Eve is the mother of all living (Genesis 320), giving her one of the most important roles of life. There is no one more important than a childs mother. He continuously focused on various characters throughout The Bible, giving equal considerations to many of the women that it mentions. Some of the names imply women like Eve, Sarah, Anna, Mary, etc.He was clearly (and possibly dangerously) a head of his time, with his views on women and equality. His Fascination With Science During this time, many new advances were beginning to surf ace. People were beginning to look into various areas, like how electricity worked and if and how it could be reproduced and other various things. Edwards took an interest in science early on and decided to broaden his education (which included science) in college. In college he was so interested in how things worked that he wrote various papers on ism, optics, flying spiders, light, etc.He fundamentally tried to investigate and ob march as much as he could (or that peaked his curiosity). While some people shied away from science, Edwards was drawn to the laws of nature. Many people during this time felt that science disregarded God and religion. While these opinions were circulating, Edwards felt that the laws of nature came from God and were in itself part of His care and wisdom. Since God and science went hand and hand, science did not threaten faith or spirituality. His Later Years During the early years of Northampton, Edwards grandfather (Solomon Stoddard) established the chu rch with specific guidelines and rules.One of the more important guidelines was that members of the church must be baptized to participate in different church activities. Events like the Lords Supper, was a reminder and a converting ordinance. People who were not baptized could come to the church for sermons, but other activities needed membership and baptism to participate. Problems began to arise there in the church, around 1748, when Edwards began to publicly articulatio his opinions with his grand fathers views. He felt that church membership should require more criteria. This included things like clothing, entertainment, reading materials, etc.One particular event was when Edwards published a list of people from his congregation that were criminate of reading inappropriate reading materials. This list included people that were being accused along with any witnesses that were called. The problem that got the congregation in an uproar was the fact that the list, that he publis hed, did not distinguse between the accused and the witnesses. Everyone on the list was looked at as guilty, in the eyes of anyone who read the list. The people who were found guilty were disciplined for their actions.As a result of the whole incident, the relationship between Edwards and the congregation deteriorated. The stake created tension between him and many of the people within the community. People began to think of him and label him as a trouble maker and no fun. Edwards and his church became very unpopular. Many people resented him and very few people wanted to be involved with his church. For many years after the situation with the published names, very few people expressed interest in being members of his church. The few that did show interest, were met with numerous and outrageous qualifications that they refused to follow.Even though many people from all over would come to hear his sermons, his own congregation was not at all fond of him. Since there was so much tens ion between Edwards and his congregation, the council of the church had to serve as a mediator. Eventually the council and the church felt they needed to deal with Edwards and all of his recent changes and opinions. In this meeting, the council and the members of the church decided to suspend his privileges to preach there at Northampton, and when the vote ended up going to the town meeting, it was also confirmed and Edwards preaching privileges were ended.Although Edwards was no longer a minister there at Northampton, he continued to live there in the town. And he seemed to not hold any ill will regarding the congregations final decision. occasionally the congregation would ask him to come and preach a sermon or two. This process went on until 1751. In the next few years, Edwards was invited to preach in Scotland and Virginia, but he decided to decline. He also chose to decline invitations to a church in Stockbridge and a chance to mission to the Housatonic Indians. He did spend t ime with the Indians, preaching to them now and then.He also took time to write various books. One in particular was called Humble Relation (Reply to Williams), which spoke on full communion. There were many other writings that involved God and morality. In 1757 Edwards son in law (Reverend Aaron Burr), which was married to his daughter Esther and was the son of the future US vice president Aaron Burr, died and Edwards decided to take his place as the president of the College of New Jersey (Princeton University). But shortly after accepting his new position, Edwards became sick and died. Edwards was a firm supporter of the new small pox inoculations.To show his support, he decided to also get the inoculation. Because he was never in excellent health, he developed complications from the inoculation and died on March 22, 1758. His Legacy Edwards was a Calvinist and believed in those views. Edwards and the people who followed him were known as the New Light Calvinist ministers. Som e of his followers included Samuel Hopkins, Gideon Hawley, Joseph Bellamy and many others. Most of his followers lived in the New England area, comprising a great population size. His followers also became great citizens, this included US vice presidents, college presidents, etc.Edwardss writings and his beliefs were great influential readings during his day and even today. Many laws, rules, regulations, etc. were drawn from his writings. Some of the things Edwards writings influenced were the American wag of Commissioners of Foreign Missions missionaries, The Missionary Herald, The Banner of Truth Trust, etc. Works Written By Jonathan Edwards (not inclusive) A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God liberality and its Fruits Christian Charity or The Duty of Charity to the Poor, Explained and Enforced Concerning the End for Which God Created The World Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God freedom of the Will A History of the Work of Redemption including a View of Church History The Life and Diary of David Brainerd, Missionary to the Indians The Nature of True uprightness Original Sin Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival in New England and the Way it Ought to be Acknowledged and Promoted A Treaste Concerning Religious Affections Atonement (Governmental view) Colonial America Congregational church Great Awakening Mission House (Stockbridge, Massachusetts) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Jonathan Edwards College Argument form Beauty American philosophy List of American philosophers Ivy League Presidents New England Dwight family Bibliography Bearskin, Douglas L. Jonathan Edwards, Enthusiast? Radical Revivalism and the Great Awakening in the Connecticut Valley. Church History 74 (2005) 683-739. http//web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/ehost/detail? vid=4hid=11sid=a18c3fe2-bd1d-4992-b657-7c6bfe30e3fe%40sessionmgr15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRldb=a9hAN=19448230. Beck, Peter. Fall of man and the fai lure of Jonathan Edwards. Evangelical Quarterly 79 (2007) 209-225. http//web. bscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/ehost/detail? vid=3hid=11sid=a18c3fe2-bd1d-4992-b657-7c6bfe30e3fe%40sessionmgr15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRldb=a9hAN=25338906. Crisp, Oliver D. Jonathan Edwards on the Divine Nature. Journal of Reformed Theology 3 (2009) 175-201. http//web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/ehost/detail? vid=3hid=11sid=a18c3fe2-bd1d-4992-b657-7c6bfe30e3fe%40sessionmgr15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRldb=a9hAN=42316446. Duban, James. A Reverent and Obedient Evolution Jonathan Edwards, the New Science, and the Socialism of Henry James Sr. Journal of Speculative Philosophy 23 (2009) 244-261. http//web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/ehost/detail? vid=3hid=11sid=a18c3fe2-bd1d-4992-b657-7c6bfe30e3fe%40sessionmgr15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl. Miller, Gordon. Jonathan Edwards sublime book of nature. History Today 46 (July 199 6) 29. http//web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/ehost/detail? vid=4hid=11sid=a18c3fe2-bd1d-4992-b657-7c6bfe30e3fe%40sessionmgr15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRldb=a9hAN=9607212980. Wikipedia. Jonathan Edwards. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian).

High Renaissance Essay Example for Free

heights spiritual rebirth Essay high up renascence graphics in Florence, Italy did not last very long, but made an enormous touch on the art world. In the paintings of this era, artisans put emphasis on personality and the mental state. Perspective, classical cultures, and anatomy were of a greater interest to the artists of this era. The analysis of Guido Renis personation of Cardinal Roberto Ubaldino, Papal Legate to Bologna, Leonardo Da Vincis Mona Lisa, Michaelangelos David, and Raphaels Baldass are Castiglione could offer insight into the paintings of the blue Renaissance artists in Italy with respect to personality and the mental state, detail, and use of color. High style was the main(prenominal)stay of this period of the Renaissance. High style art was characterized as the idealistic, perhaps heavenly. High style had a respect for ancient imperial standards of wealth, magnificence, and grandeur. (Emison, xxx) During the premature Renaissance, artists had to choo se between realism and spirituality. During the Early Renaissance, figures were painted to look so real that many thought they lost their spirituality. From then on, an artist had to choose to both make his figures realistic or spiritual. When the High Renaissance began, Leonardo Da Vinci believed that an artist did not have to make that choice.For example, when Da Vinci painted the Last Supper, he made the figures in his painting realistic, however the figures had an undeniable spirituality ab push through them. Da Vinci did not choose between realism and spirituality, he utilize both. (High Renaissance) The High Renaissance lasted from about 1490 to 1530. This era unfolded amidst a fury of mounting political and religious tension. This affected artists, as well as patrons of the arts, end-to-end Italy. Political tensions were high. In 1512, Copernicus determined that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 and Magellan circumnavigated the world in 1522, which dismissed the idea of a flat earth. alone of these discoveries changed many assumptions about human life and rocked the foundation of theology. (Italian High Renaissance Period) In those years, the masters created a new profession with its accept rights of expression and its own character. Regional differences existed during this time, not only between Northern Europe and Italy, but within Italy, with the leading artistic centers being Rome and Florence.During the High Renaissance period in Italy, most artists worked for the papacy. These artists explored an interest in perspective, personality, and anatomy that became the main characteristics of the High Renaissance era. In Florence, artists emphasized preliminary drawings, based on careful and detailed preparation, before the painting began, whereas in other parts of Europe, artists just began painting. This is part of the reason why so many regard Italian Renaissance art as the finest art in the world. (Kleiner, 579-623) This artistic period represented a culmination.The High Renaissance artists took all of the artistic explorations of the Proto-Renaissance artists, which flourished during the Early Renaissance, and used these explorations to its full capability. (Esaak) Guido Renis Portrait of Cardinal Roberto Ubaldino, Papal Legate to Bologna was painted in 1627. Oil on canvas and 77 ? by 58 ? inches, it resides at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. The subject was placed in front of a purple cloth, which insinuated honor, next to a velvet-covered table. The subject had obviously been writing, noting the letter and quill pen in the inkwell. The agency opened to the left, revealing a courtyard.Rich colors, depth, and great detail add to the perception of the artist and the personality of the subject. The juxtaposition of the brightly-colored clothing with the dark background keeps the viewing audience eye on the subject. The subject looks thoughtful , looking at the viewer, giving the air of an intelligent man. Great detail was used by Reni. For example, the flecks of white in the subjects beard, the lines on his hands, the patterns and sheen of the clothing, and the fringe on the bottom of the chair shows that Reni wanted to capture every aspect of the subjects personality.It shows that the subject enjoyed the finer things in life, while looking perhaps within himself for the answers to lifes mysteries. Raphaels Baldassare Castiglione, painted around 1514, oil on canvas, with the dimensions of 2 6 ? by 2 2 ? , typifies High Renaissance portraits in the attention the artist paid to the subjects personality and mental state. The painting makes use of muted tones and Raphael favored clarity over obscurity. The muted tones fit the mood and temper of the subject. (Kleiner, 587, 623) The subjects facial features are clear, lending to the notion that Raphael focused on the subjects personality.The subject is dressed soberly, yet spl endidly, and looks directly at the viewer. He has a thoughtful and kind gaze. This shows his humanity and lends an mad openness to the painting. The subject looks sensitive and vulnerable, and his clothing suggest a certain softness to his character. This gives the viewer the feeling that the subject is equal to the viewer. The subject seems open copious to sit with and have an intellectual conversation. (Jones) Leonardo Da Vincis Mona Lisa, painted in the sixteenth century, is an oil painting on poplar panel. The painting depicts a woman with an ambiguous expression.This work has been at the center of study, scrutiny, parody, and myth for many years because of the fascination with the mysterious woman. The subjects expression seems mischievous, and she is looking directly at the viewer, a note of High Renaissance art. The colors are dark, lending to the mysterious notion of the woman subject. The subject is seated on a stain chair, and behind her, a body of water with some roc ks visible create the backdrop. The juxtaposition of the dark background and the skin of the subject tends to keep the viewers eye on the subject.Michelangelos David statue, cut from a single piece of marble and finished in 1504, is the representation of physical male perfection. The Cathedral of Florence commissioned Michelangelo to sculpt the statue from a block of marble that was originally from another project. David was to originally be put up on top of one of the buttresses of the Cathedral, however, when the sculpture was finished, they decided to put it in front of the main government building in Florence, Italy. (Michelangelo, David, 1501-4) All of these artworks are portraits.An great artist who paints portraits must have the skill necessary to depict something beyond its physical demeanor to convey the subjects life and character. All of these artists imbued their works with psychological insight and authenticity that other artists of the day could not match. This is wh at made these particular artworks part of the High Renaissance era of Italy. (Captured Emotions, 3) Figures in portraits that were painted during the Early Renaissance were in profile and cut off at the bust. This was not so with portraits of the High Renaissance.These portraits, such as the Mona Lisa and Baldassare Castiglione, were not painted in profile, but with the face frontal, and the shoulders ? , with hands included. This was done instead of the profile because when the face is frontal, the viewer gets a better sense of the subjects personality. This revealing of the personality in paintings was a main interest during the High Renaissance and in artwork since. (Leonardos Mona Lisa) As was explained through these four examples, High Renaissance art in Florence, Italy focused on subjects personality and minds.The artists wanted to capture what the subject was really like and how they thought. The point of the High Renaissance was to delve deeper, to bring out qualities, not o nly in the subject, but also in technique and color use, that made the work stand out and say something. High Renaissance artwork has influenced the world of art ever since. For example, when children sit to have their school photo taken, they sit the way the subject in the Mona Lisa did. These works have withstood the mental testing of time and continue to provide insight into not only the subjects personalities and minds, but also the artists.

Review Of Related Literature And Studies Psychology Essay

Review Of Related Literature And Studies Psychology EssayThis chapter includes discussion on related foreign and local studies, reviewed by the researcher which pictures relevant facts ab surface Self-Perception and relationship of CEU Nursing Student with Broken Family.Navarro (1990) revealed that fly p atomic number 18nting is a difficult road, though at the end youre glad you ope grade it through be suit of clothes the real rewards atomic number 18 having a happy, healthy kid and organism a better psyche for it.Solo p arnts want to be reassured that they be non damaging their children. Some experts are reassuring, as in an article that appeared in a professional journal. This review of social mental research into female-headed families conducted between1970-1980 concludes that theoretically, children do non need the presence of the same sex/ opposer-sex parents in the family in order to break away sex-role conduct. Children in female-headed families are likely to allow good turned on(p) adjustment, good self-esteem except when they are stigmatized, intellectual maturement compar competent to somewhat former(a)wises in the same socio-economic status.It is possible for a alone wo manhood or man to satisfy all of a childs maternal(p) needs? Its an historic question these days because there are to a greater extent and more such families. The largest number, of course, is those headed by women who are separated. And relatively small alone growing of women are choosing to raise a child their sustain or an adopted child-without the help of a guide offner.We bottom of the inning light upon something about the best guidances solo parents to raise their children if we first consider how children benefit from the presence of two parents.Boys and girls learn to think, purport and be soak up primarily from appointment with their parent of the same sex, particularly when theyre between the ages of lead and six. We see this in the way boys im itate their develops and girls imitate their mothers, but children are leaving other great lessons as well. Through their interaction and partial identification with their parent of the opposite sex (and the inevit sufficient romantic attachment that they go through at this age), children gravel to acquire some of their intuition and understanding about the opposite sex. And as children see how their parents live together, their future ability to shit good relationship with the opposite sex- not only as lovers, but as friends and co-workers is influenced.But even in nuclear families children are inspired by heavy(p)s than their parents- whether its teachers, coaches, sports figures or other divinity they latch onto.What does all of this mean for the parents raising her children on her own? And what factors screwing contribute to her success?Lets first consider the case in which a solo father lives at bottom visiting distance and is upholded with fulfilling his tariff to hi s children. Children can gain a great deal from their father even though he lives apart from them if they are able to visit him regularly or if he of importtains frequent, steady contact through letters and ph wholeness calls. Fostering such constriction is the most egressive and easiest way for a mother to make-up for the fathers absence.Foreign LiteratureIn the United States, the effects of single-parent family life on children fall into deuce categories (1) those attributed to the lower socioeconomic status of single parents and (2) the short-term consequences of split up that moderate over time. Four factors are predictive of U.S. childrens adjustment to the disassociate of their parents the passage of time, the grapheme of the childrens relationship with their residential parent, the level of conflict between parents, and the economic standing of the childrens residential family. In the first a couple of(prenominal) years afterwards a disarticulate, the children inc ur high rates of antisocial behavior, aggression, anxiety, and school problems than children in two parent families. However, some of these problems may be attributed to a decrease in available resources and freehanded super-vision many of the negative effects disappear when there is adequate supervision, income, and continuity in social networks (McLanahan and Sandefur 1994).In mother-only families, children execute to experience short-and semipermanent economic and mental disadvantages higher absentee rates at school, lower levels of education, and higher dropout rates (with boys more negatively coined than girls) and more delinquent activity, including alcohol and drug addiction. youthfuls, on the other hand, are more negatively affected by parental discord prior to dissociate than by living in single-parent families and actually gain in responsibility as a result of altered family routines (Demo and Acock 1991). Children in single-mother homes are also more likely to expe rience health-related problems as a result of the pin in their living standard, including the lack of health insurance (Mauldin 1990). Later, as children from single-parent families become adults, they are more likely to marry early, have children early, and decouple. Girls are at greater risk of be culmination single mothers as a result of nonmarried childbearing or divorce (McLanahan and Booth 1989). Although the research dressings are mixed on long-term effects, the majority of children adjust and recover and do not experience severe problems over time (Coontz 1997).A common explanation for the problems found among the children of single parents has been the absence of a male adult in the family (Gongla 1982). The relationship between children and non-custodial fathers can be difficult and strained. Fathers often become disinterested and detached from their children in one written report more than 60 percent of fathers either did not visit their children or had no contact wit h them for over a year. The loss of a father in the family can have implications beyond childhood (Wallerstein and Blakeslee 1989). However, the lack of a male presence may not be as critical as the lack of a male income to the family. The economic deprivation of single-parent family life, in combination with other sources of strain and stress, is a major source of the problems experienced by both(prenominal) parents and children. 1Religious Involvement and Childrens Well-Being What Research Tells Us (And What It Doesnt) agree to Lisa J. Bridges, Ph.D., and Kristin Anderson Moore, Ph.D., Prosocial and Moral Values and Behavior Research findings from early adolescence are consistent in supporting a positive association between religiosity and socially beneficial (or prosocial) and altruisticattitudes and behavior. 2Religions and religious organizations generally promote the ideas of helping others and vex for thegreater good by providing opportunities for residential district ser vice. 3Moreover, acceptance of the moral tenets of a religious faith may be instrumental in the development of a healthy sense of responsibility and even guilt that may lead adolescents to avoid wrongdoing or to make amends when they have through wrong. 4Other findings seem less clear-cut. For example, one study found a somewhat satisfyinger association between religious involvement and altruistic behavior than between religious involvement and altruistic values. 5This may be due, in part, to the frequent inclusion of service activities within religious education and younker fellowship programs. For some adolescents, altruistic behaviors (such as act in charity events, and donating time and effort to helping others) may reflect participation in a group (such as a church youth group) in addition to, or rather than, a personal commitment to helping others. In other words, religious activities may represent a pathway to prosocial behavior.Personality and Mental HealthResearch is thi n on the relationship between adolescents involvement in religion and personality and mental health. Theoretically, religiosity is expect to be linked to better mental health and emotional well- being. Religious doctrines can serve as a resource for coping with lifes difficulties (The Lord never gives you more than you can bear) moreover, belief in Gods love and feelings of acceptance within a religious community may enhance ones sense of selfworth. Relatively a few(prenominal) studies have been conducted in this area, however. And those studies that do exist find that the association between religious involvement and belief and adolescents self-esteem (the most frequently examined topic) is generally small and frequently not statistically significant.23However, while the evidence that being religious has a positive effect on adolescents mental health and personality tends to be fairly weak, there is no indication in research studies of negative effects of religiosity on any aspe ct of well-being.Methodological ConcernsCurrent measures of religiosity in childhood and adolescence are inadequate. As noted earlier, most studies of religiosity in adolescence (and the very few studies of religiosity in childhood) use snapshot measures of religious practice and beliefs, which do not allow for tracking behavior or making comparisons over time. Further, no measures of religiosity unique to younger children were found in our review, which explains our emphasis in this brief on adolescents. In the rare studies that do include preadolescent children, measures tend to be adaptations of the same measures utilize with older adolescents and adults. The almost exclusive reliance on responses to questionnaires represents another limitation of existing research studies on religiosity and wellbeing. Moreover, the questions used to tap religiosity vary widely across different surveys,28 suggesting that the research literature would benefit from greater standardization of termi nology and measures (although, given the inadequacy of up-to-date measures, it is in like manner soon to determine which existing measures, if any, may be most useful). Also, frequently the questionnaires used include only one or a few questions (for example, how often respondents attend religious services or how central they consider religion to their life). Information derived in this way may not be able to capture the varying levels of religious belief and practice or the complexity of the religious experience in respondents lives. The lack of longitudinal studies limits understanding of the importance of religiosity in childhood and adolescence in a number of ways. In order to fully address the individual, family, and community influences that predict religiosity or to examine the period to which religiosity in childhood and adolescence promotes future well-being studies are needed that follow individuals across time. The dearth of such long-term studies means, for example, that we currently cannot say that participating in religious activities when an adolescent is 13, for instance, is related to how well or how poorly that adolescent testament do at age 21 on altermeasures of well-being. Few studies have used multivariate analyses that take account of confounding factors that may be associated with both religiosity and outcomes. (Multivariate analysis is a method for examining three or more variables at the same time.) Lack of consideration of such factors may lead researchers to overestimate the effects of religious involvement on well-being. For example, being involved in religion may be affected by family and neighborhood factors, such as family structure, risks in the neighborhood, and poverty. These can influence proximity to houses of reverence and the capacity to attend services frequently and become actively involved. Few studies have considered possible differences in the tinct of religious involvement on subgroups of adolescents. The potence of the effects of religious involvement on adolescent well-being may be influenced by gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or neighborhood characteristics. However, few studies to date have systematically evaluated the effects of the characteristics of adolescents and their environments. Failure to do so may lead to over- or underestimation of the importance of religion for different groups of adolescents. For example, in a study described earlier, it was found that religion had a stronger positive influence among adolescents living in distressed neighborhoods than among adolescents living in more stable neighborhoods. 6The responsibility of raising the children alone carries the stigma of a failed pairing. The chances of succeeding professionally let alone attaining a position of leadership seemed difficult to imagine.According to Reyes it was more advantageous to be a solo parent, in the sense that there is more harmony in their home. To them, there is only one poli cy and one counterbalance they were following. Being solo parent is a tough job, he said. The responsibility of shouldering the double burden can be physically and emotionally draining. For other people, being a solo parent may be disadvantageous e fussyly on pecuniary side.In addition to what Reyes started, many parent with financial problems, find them overworked, tired, and as a result become more easily upset and irritable.Bringing up children is a delicate issue one has to go by instincts in dealing with them. For example, one policy may work for one child but not for the others. Some children can be easily persuaded or motivated while others need to be intimidated, so others usually play it by ear.For some parenting tips Pijuan advised that parent should let their children know that they loved. So that no matter how angry the parent are, no matter how a great deal discipline those parents tried to instill, they leave understand that it is for the sake of discipline and not because parents hate them.According to Robert Kilpatrick (1992), he was simply showing love for his daughter, giving her his time and trying to see the world through her eyes.Mothers, fathers, bring a unique presence, a special strength to raising children, says Ray Guarendi, a clinical psychologist and a writer of books entitled Back to the Family. Guarendis book (1993), shows that traditional values, rooted in the bed lean of mutual trust, truth and unconditional love, are still the keys for successful childbearing, and in this setting, fathers bring special gifts to parenting.Sometimes fatherly instincts come easily sometimes, they have to be cultivated. Culled from real life experienced, is what kids need most from a dad. Someone who shows his love for them. Someone who will spend time with them.Guarendi noted that some of the most important memories kids latch on to about their parents evolve from routine moments in family life. Someone who can see the world through a childs eyes. This is one of the most miss rules for a father. Someone who will set limits. Parents reluctant to discipline their children have forgotten an intuition that kids have about discipline and freedom.Furthermore, Liza Ang(1994) said that fathers and mothers can best promote the development of their children in three major waysUnderstanding a childs basic needsMotivating the child behavior andfortune as models of appropriate behavior.In the study made by Elizabeth Adeva (1994) on the parenting behavior of parents, there should be a better understanding between parents and children, researching out must come both ways. Parents should continually be interested in their childrens welfare.On the other hand, Grace Estanio (1994) found out that parents who show genuine concern for their childrens emotional welfare may find it relatively easier to open lines of communication in the home.Another related study is that Elizabeth Ortega (1995) she pointed that a common parental umbrage is the lack or even absence of respect for childrens feelings. High regards for our youngsters, sensibility ought to be given prime consideration.In the study made by Nord (1982), after separation, the solo parent is usually glad to have the children with him or her.Everything else seems to have fallen apart, but as long as solo parents have their children, they support their parental function. Their childrens need for them reassures them of their own importance. The mothers success as a parent becomes even more important to counteract the feelings of low self-esteem that result from separation. sense of touch depressed, she knows she must bounce back for her children. Yet after a short period the mother comes to realize that her children do not fill the void by her separation.When a man separates his wife, or vice versa, a family is being broken apart. And when children are a part of that family, its not just the adults who suffer. It has long been recognized that the sign impact of separation can be extremely traumatic for children of all ages. But on the other hand, popular opinion also held that since children were resilient by nature, after the initial shock they tended to adjust or bounce back very quickly. As a result, most professional studies concentrated on the long-range effects separation had on the parents. Recently that trend has changed- it is now recognized that the greatest victims of the separation experience are the children.Kelly (1989), stated that is you are a solo parent your children have a right to love, stability and a future. You are still a family. You are not somehow less of a person because you are in a new role.To provide the environment of success for your children, you have to know you can make it. Nothing breeds confidence like success. wholeness of the biggest problem to a mother is being depressed, worried, and self-concern. Second problem having a lowered standard of living. The concerns of being a mothers is directly affe cted their children. They cant able to provide the care and other necessities of their children as they felt they should. The study found that with women, earning capacity proves to be a direct determinant of happiness and well-being. Women who did not form college and who are in the lowest income group are approximately twice as likely to become depressed as the problem of child-raising as those who are educated and hold high-paying, professional jobs, blue-collar women earning low income are three times more apt to complain of lowered standards of living than those in the higher bracket. High wage-earners, on the other hand, have a different problem. closely a third of them claim that their involvement with members of the opposite sex is the most trying part of solo parenting.Who are in process of divorce is a one of the hardes situation to be in. sometimes happeni between couple, that concerns most people. Somehow divorce is hurtful on both partner to those who undergo, the chi ldren end up with the greatest amount of problems. This is a challenge to a child that can develop and not always seen by the naked eye, and do not always come to the surface right away.Sometimes children try to stop the divorce of their mother and father, but some of it will just accept what happened. Some of the children will tell that they are happy for what the decision they had. This is not really the case, as one would see if he or she talk with the child for a while. There are lot of things that divorce does to a family, and there are lot of things that can affect to their children. In some situation the effect are rarely positive and helpful in the perception of others. Divorce has many negative effects on the psychological and social aspects of a childs life.There are lot of psychological aspects on a childs life that can change when their parents undergo to a divorce. As previously mentioned by the researcher a child may not appear initially how they feel about the divorce , but the real feelings of that child will appear in some time. The researcher in an article of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry says, children incorporate repertoires of hatred, impulsive, and violent behavior into their own behavior as a result of observing their parents responses to rage and frustration. A lot of children who are really the witness in the process of divorce of their parents. It will become natural to a child . The child naturally looks to their parents for the example of how to handle certain situations and emotions. In the process of divorce there is so much bitterness and aggression that is expressed by one of them or both parents of that child. To a child who witness this situation is not healthy for them for several(prenominal) undercoat. The main reasons is that the child can develop some attitudes that is not appropriate. For example being angry and aggression to their parents situation. One of the tools of a child in solving their p roblems is being angry and the aggressive felt by.. The child becomes like the parents and it has negative impact to others because of not knowing or understanding how to control these feelings. They may often violently lash out to those around him or her that can affect these feelings to occur.It really affect the childs behavior it can result to the next psychological problem that divorce has to their. One of the major effect of divorce is depression.Based on the study conducted by Hetherington, Stanley-Hagan Anderson, they emphasized that there is a greater effect on children the way their parents interact with each other rather than the actual divorce itself. In fact, it is hard to distinct the effects of divorce from a broken relationship. In this way, the grown effect of divorce may be traced back in the individuals differences beforehand the divorce itself, unfortunately these negative effects is related to emotional conflicts and separation which can proceeds to legal div orce.In general, individuals who have experienced a family conflict have a more difficult time catching up with their studies and their extra-curricular activities in school rather than individuals who have a complete family or blended families (Carlos, 1995). However, every child has a different way on adjusting to parental divorce or separation. In some circumstances, children that is a product of a divorce family show only a small negative effect that last for a short period of time and in few circumstances, some children exhibit a poor adjustment to the negative effects of parental divorce. According to Dacey and Travers, not all children from a broken family exhibits negative effects, some of them grow strong and healthy and later they are the one who supports their family.On what way children become more successful in adjusting to parental divorce? Based on studies conducted by Carlson and Hines, they concluded that children can easily accept the reality of having a broken fam ily if the parents provide continues and coordinated parenting, this can be done if they continue to monitor and discipline their children. This new parenting role requires a problem solving approach, in this approach both the separated parents hide their own problems and conflicts to their children and avoids having disagreements or criticizing each other in front of their children.Accepting the idea of having a broken family can cause some emotional problems to children, this problem sometimes end up of having trouble in meeting their academic and social expectations at school. Simons, Gordon, Conger and Lorenx said that emotional aspects of divorce include feelings of anxiety, depression, guilt and aggression. In most cases, parental separation affects childrens sense of well-being and lowers their self-esteem.Many studies had conducted and reveal that a great number of couples planning to have a divorce refuse to believe that divorce can cause a negative effect on their children .A study conducted by the plant of American Values that was released in 2002 reveals that unhappily married adults who end up in a divorce doesnt exhibit any emotional or psychological improvements compared to those couples who stayed married for the rest of their lives.According to several studies, divorce doesnt improve your emotional health but instead it makes your emotional health worse. This is due to the stress and financial burden a couple is facing during the divorce process.These are some of facts about divorce you might not know.1. A study created by the Institute for American Values reveals that eight out of 10 couples who dont continue on the idea of divorce become happy couples five years later.2. Almost half of American children see their parents break up in person. Then half of them will also witness the breakup of their parents second wedding party.Many couples consider in divorce and then end up remarrying another individual without knowing the true reason of th eir marriage problem with their first marriage. This is the main reason wherefore second marriage divorce rate is higher compare to the first marriage.Foreign StudiesAccording to the ledger of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,teenagers that is raised by a single-parent or in a blended family are three times more likely to seek a psychological help within a given year.These are some of the other outrageous statistics about the effect of divorce on childrenAccording to Dawson (Family Structure and Childrens Health and Well-being Journal of Marriage and the Family), twenty to thirty-five percent of children who are living with both biological parents are physically healthy than those from broken homes. Children who have divorced parents have greater possibility to experience injury, asthma, headaches and speech defects than those children whose parents are intact.According to Wallerstein (The Long-Term Effects of Divorce on Children Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolesc ent Psychiatry 1991), after six years of parental marriage separation, a study of children revealed that even though many years have passed, these children still feel lonely, unhappy, anxious and insecure.According to McLanahan and Sandefur (Growing Up With a Single Parent What Hurts, What Helps Harvard University Press 1994), Children who have divorced parents are approximately two times more expected to drop out of high school than those children whose parents are intact.According to Angel and Worobey (Single Motherhood and Childrens Health), fifty percent of children with divorced parents are more probable to develop health problems than those with intact parents.According to Fagan, Fitzgerald and Rector (The Effects of Divorce On America), fifty percent of those children who are born this year with both parents, before stretching their 18th birthday, they will experience the divorce of their parents.Hopefully these statistics may ultimately cause you and your spouse to sincerel y consider all the cost of divorce before you make the final choice.Based on these statistics, it becomes clear that children need secure, loving homes with both parents. There is, of course an omission to every rule, and in this case it is households where abandon is taking place. Children should under no situation remain in a violent ambiance that is unsafe for them.If both of you have just grown apart, or fell out of love and if there is no violence enchanting place in your marriage, for your childrens sake, I advise you to seek out help for your marriage before you give up completely.It has been expected in the United States today that almost half of all couples that walk down the aisle will headfirst have divorce, but how about the clause until death do us part?Over time, there have been many theories obtainable as to why divorce occurs and why these tolls have enlarged so radically over the last 30 years. Some think that the country may take part in a role others suppose tha t the span of the courtship plays an significant piece cohabitation preceding to wedding increases the chance that separation will result or not cohabitating prior to marriage may add as the evolution era is too stressful still others think that the separation progression is too simple if laws were stricter and divorces were further hard to get, these divorce statistics would get better over era. At this era, although elevated, the separation tempo has decreased to some extent lessening the minds of the American public. There is still small hope that these information will ever diminish completely.In this fast paced civilization that we exist in nowadays, it must to be simple for us, the American public, to be aware of this phenomenon. The standard American Family has both parents in the place of work, financial stress, job discontent, children in school activities and sports, high shoot lifestyles and generally small time to center on the familys group cohesiveness. Although Waite and Lillard (1991) viewed that children, especially young children, present and improve marital steadiness, environmental stressors and everyday labor are often more than a parental relationship can endure. These standard stressors alone can make much chaos, turmoil and in time lead to marital damage, argument and divorce.There is a current data which supports that stress in a broken family is mostly affecting the children. Divorce is seen, as the cause of the negative events and psychological distress to the youths. One explanation purposed by KatherineEffects on Adult RelationshipsMany studies show that family conflict was typically a strong precursor to divorce and lead children from divorced families to rate their relationships as having greater family conflict. Those from intact families reported more cohesion, expressiveness, sociability, and idealization and less conflict than those from divorced families. However, coming from a divorced family did not affect young adults se lf-esteem, fear of intimacy, or relationship satisfaction, but it did affect fears and expectations for divorce (Kirk, 2002).In-depth studies strongly indicate that the attitudes surrounding marriage and success in marriage is transmitted between generations in divorced families. Men and women from divorced families tend to score significantly lower on several measures of psychological well-being and more likely to be divorced themselves (Franklin, Janoff-Bulman, Roberts 1990). This trend has the potential to have social impact on our culture because the evidence suggests that adult children of divorce have relationship problems that lead to divorce in their marriages as well, which could lead to a perpetual cycle of this phenomenon.Perhaps the greatest problem associated with divorce is that it does appear to be a cyclical phenomenon. An estimated 40% to 50% of children born in the U.S. in the 1980s experienced parental divorce (Fine, Moreland, Schwebel, 1983). Women who experien ce parental divorce have a 60% higher divorce rate than their counterparts while men whose parents divorced have a 35% higher rate of divorce than men whose parents remained married (Glen Shelton, 1983). It seems clear that people from divorced families are more likely to be divorced themselves and therefore convey the impression that marital dissolution is more acceptable. Amato (1987) states that adult children of divorce feel more pessimistic about their chances of life-long marriage and evaluate divorce less negatively than do other young adults.Students experiencing post-divorce conflict were more likely to have engaged in premarital sexual intercourse, their satisfaction with their current relationship was lower, and they showed a decline in the parent-child relationship. These adult children of divorce also expressed more difficulty in finding people with whom they could establish relationships (Morris West, 2001).Judith Wallerstein (2004) has been one of the leading resear chers on the phenomenon of divorce and its impact on adult relationships. Her 25 y

The link between Self Concept and Crime

The link between Self Concept and CrimeSelf concept is the idea of looking at ones self both with spunky or low regard. One can look at herself or himself with high or low regard. The main objective of self concept is to show where wad should non tell anyone who they argon instead you should tell yourself who you would like to be. Self-confidence, self-worth and self-esteem are not tangible fairs they are cultivated and made disperse of human-organisms. This musical theme sh altogether focus on self- witness and how it whitethorn lead to disgust. It will explore theories that mold how crime is committed in relation to valuing themselves. Generally this paper will withdraw light into ways the nightspot can create criminals or help reduce pervert behavior with positive enlightenment.2. Self-Concept and Crime(Over imagine)Self concept is the idea of cunning who you are and the ability to chequer yourself and, stay pop surface of trouble. Self-control is the idea where the great unwashed in like manner differ to an extent they are vulnerable to the temptations of the moment and so in other words their ability to restrain themselves (FrankMerilyn, 1999 p.197). (Thio 2010 p.7)According to the positivist perspective deviance is de destinationined or caused by forces beyond the individuals control. Studies show that a unwavering self-image leads to self-confidence and high self-esteem which prevents the y divulgeh from listening to what the world would like them to do. in that location are so numerous reasons the youth or any other psyche involve in abnormal behaviors. Some of them maybe the Relationships they excite with people. Relationships involve those from relatives, the association and friends. Thio, 2010 in his view of relativism secerns that deviant behavior of which leads to crime does not have any intrinsic justicesuitistics unless in that location is a thought to of these characteristics. The so-called intrinsically deviant cha racteristics do not devolve from the behavior itself instead they come from peoples minds. These individual can be our friends, our family or our society. Delinquents often times suffer self-images because their relationships do not help them disinclineing what they think about themselves. (FrankMerilyn, 1999, p22) Crime consists of a transgression against a brotherly contract and therefore crime is a chaste offense against the society. They go ahead to say that punishment is stillified totally to preserve the social contract and therefore the purpose of punishment is to prevent future transgressions by deterring socially harmful behavior. The society needs to do all it can to help prevent its members from involving in crime and that is why relationships in the community play a bigger role in building self-image which minimizes crime or delinquency.3. Containment possible action(Frank and Marilyn 1999, p 192) explains delinquents as the interplay between devil builds of con traol Internal (inner) and external (outer).4. Self-EnhancementAdolescents are always out to get approval of any scant(p) thing they do. This often times leads to gang-life. (Barsani Marvin1970 p 283) gives a story of how deviance can happen. He says that hanging out happens gradually. One does not realize herself or even himself. Those involved know that the other guys will be at a particular corner so they will go find them. This hanging-out flummox into cutting up now and then. Later on bigger crimes happen and many suffer because it was not their initiative. From the explanation it is clear that adolescents do so many things just to be ornery. They do what others do until they realize that it often leads them into trouble. They do all these in pursuit of self-enhancement.Barsani goes ahead to say that almost ein truth person needs to hangout at a certain age or point so that they get away from monotony. The gang often does things that they think are petty as far as insulting cops so that they get chased. They fail to stop at street lights and expect no one to give care that they are making a mistake against the law of nature. To them, they think they should be left alone to do as they please. Gang-life can also be Normative collections. Thio, 2007. P.229 says that if they feel threatened, rebuked or be punyd, they may experience self- freeze offion and because of this rejection they may turn to deviant mathematical groups made up of youths who have been similarly rejected to meet their need for self-esteem. While naturalized society may reject them, their new criminal friends give them positive feedback and support to further enhance their new identity, that may engage in deviant behaviors. This is why the society or relationships have a bigger role to playing streamlining how the youth in the society behave. If the only people who approve who they are belong to the normative group then it will be hard for them not to engage in what they do in purs uit for self-fulfillment.Self-rejection can be a very practiced problem leading to delinquency. Self-rejection causes the youth to loose direction. (Barsani Marvin E. 1970, p 253) says criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons and in the assist of communication. The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate in the flesh(predicate) groups. Groups play a major role in enhancing crime especially among adolescents or high school teenagers. They always want to feel wanted and approved for what they can do and if the conventional society does not do that, someone else will which is the gang or normative groups.5. complaisant Bond Theory and crime affectionate Bond surmise according to (Radsonwicz 1977, p 394) says that the idea that the societys effort to eleviate social problems of deviance by establishment of man policy may aggravet or perpetuates the problems is by no means a novel. (Thio 2010 p 22) says there are four eleme nts of social sting hypothesis. The first one which is attachment is just the virtue that people sort of get attached to the conventional people and society. The second is commitment to conformity which take aims the idea that individuals in the society strive to do the best for the whole societys well-being. Activities like getting an education, improving professional status, getting a job are just mere commitments individuals undertake for the good of the society as well as their own lives. Failure to do so may lead to other ways of meeting needs which decidedly will be involving in deviant behavior. The third is the involvement in conventional activities. (Siegel 2007 P 230) says that heavy involvement in conventional activities leaves little time for extralegal behavior. When people become involved in school, recreation and family, they become so insulated from potential involvement in crime whereas idleness enhances it.(Thio 2007) says that the last which is a judgement in the moral validity of social rules. People who live in the same social setting often share common moral beliefs they may adhere to such values as sharing, sensitivity to the rights of others and admiration for the legal code. (Siegel, 2007) goes ahead to give evidences to the social bond theory. Siegel further points out that the following show that social bond theory is true and can workThe youth who were strongly attached to their parents were less likely to commit criminal acts. They had strong egos and high self esteem lading to conventional values such as striving to get a good education and refusing to drink alcohol and cruise around was indicative of conventional behavior.Youths involved in unconventional behavior such as smoking and drinking were more delinquency-prone.Those who shunned unconventional acts were attached to their peersDelinquents and non-delinquents shared similar beliefs about the society.Social control theory has its own oppose views for example frien dship. Whereas Hirschs view about friendship says that delinquents are detached loners whose bond to their families has been broken unless the reality is that a phone number of delinquents maintain relationships with deviant peers and family members. The other element that critics have found fault is that deviant peers in relating with parents whereby Hirschi says that youths attached to drug-abusing parents are more likely to become drug-users themselves. That particular view often times is not true. Restricted scope has also been disapproved where research shows that control variables are more predictive of female than male behavior. Changing bonds is another opposing view whereby (Siegel,2007) says that it is possible that at one age level weak bondsParents lead to delinquency while at another strong bondsat peers leads to delinquency. The last is that criminal behavior weakens social bonds and vice versa (Siegel, 2007)Social control theory in general refers to any perspective that discusses the control of human behavior. Among their various forms such theories intromit explanations based on genetics, neurochemistry, sociobiology, personality and environmental design. Social control theories attribute crime and delinquency to the usual sociological variables (Family Structures, education, peer groups) says (Frank Marilyn 1999, p 188)5.1. Testing Social Control TheorySocial control theory may be best for explaining less serious forms of delinquency. Because of its grounding in self-report studies which traditionally have focused on less serious forms of behavior, it makes sense that social control theory works best for minor to moderate delinquency(Frank Marilyn 1999. P 200). The two find that if the theory is followed, it will help control minor crimes and delinquency.6.0. Social Reaction TheorySocial theory is sometimes or also referred to as labeling theory. (Siegel 2007, P 232) defines it as explaining how careers form based on destructive social i nteractions and encounters. (Thio 2010, P 35) says that labeling theorists interprets deviance not as a static entity whose causes are to be sought out but rather as a dynamic process of symbolic interaction between both deviants and non-deviants. Yet (Becker 19633-18) noting other translations depend on statistical, pathological, or relativistic views of deviance said that none of them does justice to the reality of deviance thus he saw that deviance can often be in the eye of the beholder because members of various groups have different conceptions of what is right and proper in certain situations.Social contradiction theory or labeling theory emanates from symbolic interaction theory by Charles Horton George which was later picked on by Plumer. (Siegel 2007 232) says that the symbolic interaction Theory holds that people communicate via symbols-gestures, signs, words or images that stand for or act something else.6.1.Labels and labelers(Thio, 2007) According to labeling theor ists, people who represent the forces of law and order as well as conventional morality typically implement the deviant label to those who have allegedly violated that law and morality. (Becker, 1974) Says that a major element in every aspect of drama of deviant is the imposition of definitions that is of situations, acts and people-by those aright enough legitimated to be able to do so.Labeling perspectives have a wide range of intellectual influences. These include social psychology, phenomenology and ethnomethodology. Generally speaking labeling perspectives have strong links to the symbolic integrationists perspective in sociology. The perspective employs concepts such as self and symbol in order to explain social behavior and social action.A symbol can be said to be anything that stands for something else. All human beings have to learn how to respond to different situations by accurately reading the symbols around them. The self is not psychological concept just like persona lity but refers to how people lift up themselves. This in turn is built through social interaction. The term used is looking glass self which means that your image of yourself is simply what you see of yourself reflected in those around. Siegel, (2007) emphasizes on the concepts of interaction and interpretation. Siegel says that throughout their lives people are given up a variety of symbolic labels and ways to interact with others. Rob Fiona (2000) say that human interaction involves role-playing. Individuals go ahead to say that for it to occur, each individual has to be able to take the role of the other and to see things as others see them. The essence is that interaction only occurs because each person is able to attribute appropriate meaning to the symbols.The self does not simply passively respond to events and people around it. It also plays an active part in selecting how it depends on people and events around it. How people respond to other people in our social interac tions depends upon how they define situations.Everything should be understood though as cited by Siegel (2007) that not all denominate people have chosen to engage in label-producing activities such as crime. Some negative labels are bestowed on people for behaviors everyplace which they have little control. Some of these negative labels include the mentally ill and the mentally deficient.6.2. The Labeling processSiegel says that it takes a process for someone to show deviant behavior when labeled. There are two types of labeling positive and negative. Victims of negative labeling can change their behavior when given a chance. The labeling process occurs in six stages namely initial act, detection by the justice system, decision to label, creation of a new identity, acceptance of labels and finally deviance amplification. Labeling advocates maintain that depending on the visibility of the label and the manner and severity with which it is applied, a person will have an increasing commitment to a deviant career. Stigma is acquired through the process. (Rob and Fiona, 2000) Once a person has been labeled a particular kind of person, they are liable to be treated in a different kind of way from others who may engage in the same kind of behavior, but who has not been labeled. This process can be represented asNegative LabelingstigmatisationNew Identity formed in response to negative labelingCommitment to new identity based on available roles and relationshipsSiegel and the two agree on how labeling yield deviants simply because particular weak individuals of the society decide to do what everyone thinks or the labelers have said or think they are.6.3. Stigmatization and as a major consequence of Labeling(Barsani Marvin E.1970) says that stigmatization describes a process of attaching visible signs of a moral inferiority to persons, such as invidious labels, marks, brands, or publicly disseminated information. The Greeks who are apparently strong on visual aids , originated the term stigma to refer to bodily signs designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of the signifier. The signs were cut or burnt into the body and advertised that the bearer was a slave, a criminal or a traitor who was a spoil person, ritually polluted, to be avoided, especially in public places. According to (Radzinowicz 1977) later, in Christian times, two layers of metaphor were added to the term. The first referred to bodily signs of holy grace that took the form of eruptive blossoms on the skin and the second is a medical illusion to this religious illusion referred to bodily signs of physical disorder. In the present world, according to the higher up author the term is widely used in something like the original literal sense, but is applied more to the disgrace itself than the bodily evidence of it. (Siegel, 2000) says that labeled people may find themselves turning to others similarly stigmatized for support and companionship. Isolated from conventional society, they may identify themselves as members of an outcast group and become locked into a deviant career. So in all essence stigmatization is the biggest negative effect of labeling.6.4.Preliminary conceptions about StigmaSociety according to (Becker, 1974) establishes the means of categorizing persons and the compliment of attributes felt to be mundane and natural for members of each other of these categories. Social settings establish the categories of persons likely to be encountered there. Becker goes ahead to say that the demands we make might better be called demands made in effect and the character we impute to the individual might better be seen as an imputation made in potential retrospect which is a characterization in effect a virtual identity.(Radzinowicz 1977 p. 389) The term stigma and its synonyms conceal a double perspective which is does the stigmatized individual assume his differentness which is known already the evidence on the spot, or do es he assume it is uncomplete known about by those present nor immediately perceivable by them? The first perspective deals with the plight of the discredited while the second deals with that of discreditable. This is a very important difference when dealing with stigma although some individuals often times have experienced both perspectives of the stigma.There is always the positive and negative side of labeling which eventually leads to stigmatization. If the society stays together when labeling, research shows that this may help reduce crime. Radzinowicz (1977) says that those generally stigmatized may offer temporary or relatively stable solutions to life problems notwithstanding the fact that they represent a lower order of human existence. If effective stigmatization imposes penalties, and circumscribes access to conventional means of life satisfactions, it may also depart new means to end sought. For example, becoming an admitted homosexuals which is known as coming out ma y endanger ones livelihood or his professional career, yet it also absolves the individual from failure to assume the heavy responsibilities of marriage and parenthood. It is also a ready way of fending off painful involvements in heterosexual affairs. Like being sent to a camp for delinquent boys is degrading and a career threat, but at the same time it may be an avenue of escape from unendurable home situation where degradation is greater. Another scenario like being committed to a mental hospital is a blot on ones reputation, where it may be one sure way of stopping a divorce action by a straying spouse, the outcome would be even more intolerable if the action is not undertaken.Contrally to the above positive side of labeling (Radzinowicz 1977) says that there are reasons why stigmatized persons may seek and find gratifications as well as having to lose painful humiliation and frustrating restrictions associated with deviant status. One has to do with the dialectical qualities of cultural values, public policies, laws and social control the other with complex ways in which personal evaluations are made of things and experiences objectively represented as rewarding or punishing.6.5. Differential EnforcementThis is where the law or legal institutions favor the more privileged than the underprivileged. (Radzinowicz, 1977) says that this is a mechanistic image of deviance. Such an image shows the individual as being mechanically pushed into deviant involvement by an association with deviants. This ignores the individuals role-taking and choice-making ability. (Barsani Marvin E. 1970) continues to say that further on, in pursuit to correct this mechanistic image suggests that the experience of associating with deviants is harmless unless the individual identifies with them. He says that deviance is likely to occur if differential coefficient identification intervenes between it and differential association differential association which connects to different ial identification and then yields deviant behavior. The concept of differential enforcement according to (Siegel, 2000) emphasizes the idea of labeling theory. Siegel says that the minorities and the poor are more likely to be prosecuted for criminal offenses and to receive harsher punishments when convicted. judge may sympathize with white defendants and help them avoid criminal labels, especially if they seem to come from good families whereas minority youth are not afforded that luxury. The law is generally differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders. It favors the powerful members of society who direct its content its content and penalizes people whose actions represent a threat to those in control, such as minority group members and the poor who demand equal rights (Thio, 2010).6.6. Differential Social controlA process of labeling may produce re-evaluation of the self, which reflects actual or perceive appraisals made by others. (Siegel, 2000) When they believe that others view them as antisocial or troublemakers, they take on the attitudes and roles that reflect this assumption they expect to become suspects and then to be rejected. According to Siegel this process has been linked to delinquent behavior and other social problems including depression. Enhancing or promoting reflective role adheres to informal and institutional social control processes. This helps them get over what they have been thought to be.6.7. Retrospective reading(Siegel, 2007) Labelers try to redefine what the person is. They give a person a new being making them either powerful (for positive labeling) or making him a lesser and more prone to deviance in the cases of negative labeling. When a person is labeled, people start to react to the label description and what it signifies instead of reacting to the actual behavior of the person who bears it and that is what is called retrospective reading.6.8. Dramatization of Evil(Bersani Marvin E. 1970) In the di spute between the young delinquent and the community there develops two opposing definitions of the situation. In the beginning the definition of the situation by the young delinquent may be in the form of play, adventure, interest, mischief, fun. To the community these activities may seem to be a nuisance and evil. The attitude of the community hardens definitely into a demand for suppression. Thus there is a gradual shift from the definition of the specific acts as evil to the individuals evil. In such instances, the young delinquent becomes bad because he is defined as bad and because he is not believed if he is good. There is persistent demand in consistency in character and the community cannot deal with people it can define. Therefore reputation is sort of a public definition and once it is established, then unconsciously all agencies combine to maintain this definition even when they apparently and consciously attempt to deny their own unuttered judgments.Tagging, defining, identifying, segregating, describing, emphasizing, making conscious and self-conscious are some of the criminal-making processes it becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, emphasizing and evoking the very traits that are complained of. The way out of this situation is through refusal to fly off the handle the evil and the less said about it the better while the more said about something else still better too. The concept of dramatization therefore tends to precipitate the conflict situation which was first created through some innocent maladjustment.Therefore, in dealing with delinquent-the criminal, the important thing to remember is that its dealing with human beings who are responding normally to the demands, stimuli, approval, expectancy, of the group with whom they are associated. Generally speaking, its dealing with an individual and not with a group.6.9. Primary deviance(Siegel, 2010) says that primary deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influ ence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten. They are what can be termed as petty crimes.6.9.Secondary deviance(Barsani Marvin E, 1970) The most general process by which status and role transitions take place is socialization. (Siegel, 2007) Secondary deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply negative label. The newly labeled offender then reorganizes his or her behavior and personality around the consequences of the deviant act. It becomes part of them and they practice it.6.10. Effects of labelingLabeling has adverse effectuate on so many people. (Siegel, 2007) Children who are labeled as troublemakers in school are the ones most likely to drop out and dropping out has been linked to delinquent behavior. Even as adults, the labeling process can take its toll for example male drugs users labeled as addicts by social control agencies eventually become self-labeled and increase their drug use. Labeling ca uses parents to become alienated from children and increase child delinquency that is in cases of negative labeling. People labeled often bring out their negative behaviors. Self-image is the best thing that everyone should try to foster in order to reduce crime and delinquency.6.11. Family image contextual discriminationWhen dealing with self-image, the family is very important. (Barsani Marvin E. 1970) says that good relationships in the family yields good character. If the family plays their role in keeping and upholding morals, then children and members of the society will grow with a sense of belonging. When a family is labeled, it should try the much it can to disqualify the label so as to be able to come out of it. The society is made up of families and if single families play their role, it definitely will work.6.12. Re-evaluation of Labeling Theory(Thio, 2010, P. 37) Many sociologists have criticized labeling theory for not being able to answer the question of what causes deviance. The truth is that the theory is not supposed to tell what causes deviance it is intend to be nonetiological meaning that it should be concerned about casual questions about deviance. The other thing is that, research shows that the theory has failed to produce consistent support to labeling theorists assumptions that the deviant label leads the individual into further deviant behavior. The truth is in this form of example, there are so many poor girls who have been labeled but due to the fact that they have strong bond with their parents, but they end up succeeding. The idea here is not labeling, it is inner-drive and relationships.(Thio, 1973) gives a view that labeling theory cannot logically deal with hidden deviance and powerful deviants. This theory insists that no behavior can be deviant unless labeled as such and often the powerful commit hidden crime. Labeling theorists in effect say that the powerful cannot be deviants because they can only be labelers.7.0. Conclu sionSelf concept and crime seeks to find out what is the root cause of crime in relation to self-esteem and self-control. Studies show that being labeled deviant produces unfavorable consequences for individual labeled and also labeling individuals as deviant generates favorable consequences for the community. Low self-image or self-esteem as found by many researchers is what leads people to commit crime. If people tell someone that they are this and they just revoke it and work towards the best. Therefore, individuals will not have to think about why it did not happen it was intended. Teenagers, adolescents and everyone in the community need a good communication system, a shoulder to lean on, souls to confide in and a strong person to look upon as a role model. The society needs to take up this responsibility by providing helpful ways to save members who show characteristics of deviant behavior. If this process is applied, it would yield a healthy society.

Defining And Analysing Astral Projection Philosophy Essay

Defining And Analysing stellar task Philosophy Essay astral Projection is a conscious seek to experience being outside of ones sensible human body, maculation being both alive and preferably awake at the time. It is an attempt to have a controlled OOBE or (out of body experience). It is not linked in both musical mode to ritualistic magic and does not rely on any particular religious or belief system. There argon techniques for achieving an OOBE. As yet I havent heard of it being at all dangerous. However attempting to choke ones somatogenic body under the influence of medication or hallucinogenic drugs is seriously not recommendedWhat happens when commonwealth Astral Project?They have what is commonly referred to as an OOBE or out of body experience where a part of them, be it the sense or consciousness, rises up from their physical body and either plumps on the physical plane or on the astral plane.What is the astral plane?A topic of debate The astral plane however ca n be likened to the Akasha, videlicet a place where all the thoughts, memories, fantasies and dreams of everyone in the world outlast. The astral plane is thought to be a fantastic place to travel in, with many opposite travellers, entities and levels to it. It is said to operate at a much higher frequency than the physical plane we inhabit.It is thought that the etheric body, spirit or mind can travel on the astral plane, which is said to appear more solid than the physical plane we all inhabit, this is because in order to travel it, the etheric body has to be animate and operating at the same higher frequency. According to few the astral plane is far more mutable than the physical and can be changed and adapted plainly by the power of thought.Can people learn to Astral Project at will?Yes in that respect be techniques that can be well-read but what degree of success is achieved depends solely upon the individual.Why would anyone want to have an Astral Projection? Some pe ople find it reassuring. If it is possible for your consciousness to exist outside of your body, then it is overly possible that your consciousness may be able to survive physical death. Some people like to use the technique for spiritual reasons, maybe wanting to be at one with the universe or for some religious reason. Some people like to try it, simply to prove that it cant be done a negative approach. Some people like to use it for their own ends. They use it as a irradiation for clairvoyance to leave their bodies and go and seek out tuition or even spy. The CIA set up experiments to see if people could leave their bodies to glean in motleyation from the enemy. The CIA did it because they were convinced that the Russians were doing it. There term for this kind of Astral Projection is called Remote Viewing. After mixed success and possibly a lack of funding the be after was eventually abandoned. We dont know how the Russians fared. Some people want to try it just because th ey can try it and they just want to see what it feels like.Who first discovered Astral Projection? The ancient Egyptians were possibly one of the first cultures to record beliefs about the soul. Hieroglyphics in tombs recorded hundreds of prayers that were to be said over the body of the deceased to force the spirit on its way. They believed that the soul ba was housed in a spirit body the Ka an exact replica of the physical body. This on death gave way to the sahu the sure spirit body that would house the ba forever. In life the Ka and sahu were one of the same but the ka slowly diminished until only the sahu housed the ba. However the Egyptians also believed that the Ka could leave the body during life and drew pictures of people sleeping with their Kas or souls floating above them. This is very similar to the modern day descriptions of NDEs (Near Death Experiences). Here the soul leaves the body at the point of death only to return again if the person is resuscitated. The Tibet ans believe in the bardo body, which can leave the physical body while still alive and can also pass through physical matter because it is made of psychic material. The bardo body can be directed wheresoever by will. Ancient Greeks believed in a triplex body, which housed the soul. Plato believed that the soul was freed on death but could also leave the body during life and when it did it perceived the physical world as dimly lit. Dean Sheils, in research published in the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research in 1978 A cross-cultural Study of Beliefs in Out of Body Experiences, compared the believe systems of over 60 different cultures and found that fifty four of them had some concept of astral extrusion or astral travel and that half of them had also believed that it is possible for this to happen consciously and while alive. Almost half claimed that certain members of their cultures could do this at will. save three cultures seemed to have no concepts or beliefs about this subject. Those that did seemed to accept it as a normal and natural part of human existence. Source (A Beginners Guide to Astral Projection by Richard delirium Hodder Stoughton 1999 ISBN 0340 737557What does modern science make of it?A man called Raymond A. Moody PhD. M.D. is often thought as the father of NDEs and has written a very popular book tone after Life on the subject. According to Richard Craze in his book A Beginners Guide to Astral Projection over the last 45 years there has been a more scientific approach taken. The first major study was done in 1951 was by someone called Muldoon and Carrington. They collected and collated over 100 cases of OOBEs. They found that their research did indicate a double that could live consciously outside the physical body and that could also survive the death of the individual. Richard Crookhall has also written many books on astral projection, and he states a number of recurrent themes.What are these recurrent themes? Some form of double. A white light-headed or illumination. Ability to travel at will. In mightiness to move or use physical objects. Feelings of tranquility and insulation. A open air consciousness of what is happening. A sense of realness.How is an OOBE most likely to be brought about? By a NDE due to illness or exhaustion. By an NDE due to accident. designedly by people trying to leave their physical bodies. By the application of drugs such as anesthetics. By trauma or shock.What do the sceptics think? It is stringently a mental state explained by complex chemical reaction. An autoscopic hallucination. Cerebral anoxia or lack of oxygen to the brain.How common is the phenomena? Possibly between 5 and 10% of the population, which suggests around 6 million in the U.K or as much as 30 million in the United States.Have there been reports of people seeing OOBE people while they were out? Yes, which increases the likelihood that OOBEs are not purely tricks of the mind.How many types of OOBE a re there? Two voluntary and involuntary, one involves a conscious effort to leave ones body where the double is rarely or only faintly seen and involuntary, say through an accident or trauma where the double is usually seen.What is a typical OOBE? A typical OOBE only usually happens once in a lifetime. Most often occurs lying down either resting or just out front sleeping. There is a feeling of floating or soaring, usually upwards. It is mostly adult women who experience the phenomenon although if you are a pupil you are even more likely to do so. A typical case suggests some form of connection to the physical body, possibly by way of a silver cord. There are few reported cases of leaving the room, but there is a sense of realness and viewing the normal world. Feelings of pleasantness, detachment and calmness often accompany an OOBE. The person feels that the experience is real and although they feel the ability to go anywhere they rarely wish to do so. No ability or desire to ch ange or move physical objects in their vicinity.Who has OOBEs? Many women and more often than not students probably due to their lifestyle and interests. They are more likely to have heard about OOBEs and possibly more keen to try it.Are OOBEs simply a form of dreaming? definitely not because the sense of reality experienced is far too strong. Scientific results show that people undergoing OOBEs are not dreaming and they are not experiencing REM. Briefly, important waves decrease indicating a calm state and beta waves increase indicating that the volunteer is awake. There is an increase in heart and respiration rates suggesting the presence of some stimulus or activity.Are OOBEs like NDEs? An NDE or Near Death Experience is really just a different form of OOBE that is brought about when a person is at the point of death or just died. It is more akin to passing over to the other side, seeing ones life flash before them and traveling down a dark or light tunnel towards the light, Go d or whatever you wish to call it.What is a typical NDE? quite a little who are seriously ill hear themselves being declared dead, upon which a series of events are triggered, such as moving quickly down a tunnel and hearing unfamiliar noises. They find themselves at the end of the tunnel and can usually see their own bodies being worked on by medical staff. They sense that they have a form of body somewhat different to the one that they left behind and also become aware of deceased friends and relatives plan of attack to help them cross to the other side. They report an entity or being of light that plays their life review and every second that they have lived, but not judgmentally. The beings of light are always described as full of love. They are often told to return to their bodies and that their time on earth is not yet over. Often there is a reluctance to return. On their return they find words difficult to express the magnitude of the experience that they felt. There views on life after death, prevail to be radically altered and fear of death tends to diminish.How many types of NDE are there? There are two PNDEs (perceived NDEs, where the person has a suspicion that they are about to die) and UNDEs (unexpected NDEs, where the person is quite shocked to find themselves in a near death situation).Is the experience the same for both? No PNDEs tend to be associated with an accompanied journey with deceased loved ones to another world with another body replacing the one left behind. UNDEs are associated more with near portentous falls, electric shocks or drowning to elicit a response. From here the person usually has a flashback of their life accompanied by feelings of happiness or peace. There are not usually reports of a body instead feelings of just being that the person becomes pure thought or mind. There is often a fast return to their physical body.Is Astral Projection a popular topic on your website?Yes my monitoring software suggests that it i s very popular.Do you have any serious reference sources?Yes please visit my website and view astral projection alternatively see below.Sources Any excerpts for this FAQ section taken from a book by Richard Craze A Beginners Guide to Astral Projection by Hodder Stoughton 1999 ISBN 0340 737557Afterlife KnowledgeCollege of Psychic StudiesInternational Association for Near Death StudiesLife After Life Raymond A. Moody PhD. M.D.Near Death Experiences HYPERLINK http//www.near-death.com/HYPERLINK http//www.near-death.com/ The Afterlife Society for Psychical Research

Utopian Society in Shakespeares The Tempest :: essays research papers

The study of Shakespeares The Tempest raises many questions as to its interpretation. Many bank that this play shows Shakespeares views on the colonization of the new world whereas others believe that this is a play about the ever elusive Utopian Society. I believe that this is a play about the European views of society and savagery at that time. I also believe that, if this is true, the play doesnt portray a conventional view of native peoples. Shakespeare shows this by having Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan and Usurping ruler of the island, call Caliban, A devil, a born devil on whose nature nurture nookie never stick but then having Miranda, Prosperos daughter, say I pitied thee, took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour one thing or another.Prospero is aphorism that Caliban is a savage who can not be educated, yet we hear that Miranda has taught him to speak, amongst other things. This gives a conflicting view over the character of Caliban. Is he an angry sava ge or is he a normal human being?The discussion of Caliban could be seen as a representation of the colonisation of the new world, (The Americas) and the treatment of the native Americans. However, the critic Meradith Anne Skura believes the opposite, We have no external evidence that seventeenth century audiences thought the play referred to the new world. This interpretation of the play places more furiousness upon the character of the spirit Ariel, who could also be considered as a native of the island. Prospero frees Ariel from a tree and then enslaves the spirit to do his bidding under the agreement of total freedom.Calibans main speech (1.2.331-344) reveals the nature of his enslavement and treatment, Here you sty me in this hard rock, whiles you do keep me from the rest othisland. Though it is not clear, it seems to me as though Prospero has imprisoned Caliban in a cave and is keeping him from the rest of the island. The reason for this treatment is much clearer , as Prosp ero tells us, I have used thee, filth as thou art, with human care, and lodged thee in mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child. This tells us that Caliban has tried to rape Miranda at some point and that Prospero treated Caliban much better before the attempted rape occurred.

Marfan Syndrome Essay -- Health, Diseases

Marfan syndrome is a primarily an autosomal dominant disorder that affects 1 in 5000 people worldwide. Marfan syndrome is connective tissue disorder that results in a conversion in the Fibrillin 1 gene. The life expectancy of an individual with Marfan syndrome is close to normal with early detection, but Marfan syndrome still remains underestimated due in large factor to characteristics similarities that are common in general public. This is compounded by the 25 percent of individuals with a new gene mutation on Fibrillin 1. It is instant that nurses form a greater understanding of Marfan syndrome in order to facilitate a genetic referral for an early and accurate Marfan syndrome diagnosis. This should include the mechanism of how this genetic mutation manifests horizon out the body, the presenting symptoms, the risk factors, treatment, and education needs of the patient. Marfan syndrome Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a fairly common inherited connective-tissue disorder. The syndrom e can be found in 1 in every 5000 births worldwide (Giarelli, Bernhardt, & Pyeritz, 2010). MFS has been recognized for more than 100 years, in fact it was speculated that Abraham Lincoln had the disorder (Amado & Thomas, 2002). There is still no current cure, but early cognizance and intervention can play a key role in the prevention of the sudden cardiac complications (Midla, 2008). For those Marfan patients diagnosed the life expectancy is close to normal, yet tends to be under diagnosed (Pyrietz, 2000). The nurse should have a broader understanding of MFS since recognition is essential for the diagnosis. Since MFS is primarily an inherited disorder, it of equal importance that the nurse understands that a referral to a geneticist is an imperative n... ...ssion, and anxiety can occur (Giarelli et al., 2010). Athletes who wish to play sports should have a clinical and cardiac evaluation before allowed to play. Women who are considering getting pregnant should be given have a ca rdiovascular risk assessment before conceiving and genetic counseling should be recommended to establish the patients risk of notch on the syndrome (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005). While significant advances have provided MFS patients with a greater life expectancy, the fact still remains that early detection is imperative in alter of care for the MFS patient . As MFS patients live longer and symptoms become evident. Nurses need to recognize that these patients will often present in a routine clinical setting, where their clinical expertise and genetic knowledge may open the door to early diagnosis and treatment.